Anatomy, Physiology & Disease Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Life systems, Physiology and Disease - Assignment Example A genuine case of transferable sickness that represents an immense danger to general wellbeing incorporate HIV/AIDS. This malady is anything but difficult to analyze; the most widely recognized finding is through blood tests. Generally, testing is done so as to recognize the nearness of antibodies made in the body with an end goal to battle the HIV (Holland, Olsen and Florey, 2007). It is significant that the ailment is brought about by an infection known as Human immunodeficiency infection (HIV). A portion of the signs and indications of HIV/AIDS as per Hall, Hall and Cockerell (2011) incorporate weight reduction, looseness of the bowels, hacking, dermatitis, herpes, TB, persistent injuries, and abscesses. Avoidance of HIV/AIDS relies upon the method of transmission. It very well may be transmitted through sex, blood transfusion, and transmission from a pregnant mother to the unborn youngster. Counteraction of the illness comparable to sexual transmission is accomplished using condoms and sex instruction. Blood should be screened completely before transfusion to identify the nearness of the ailment. Pregnant moms likewise should be tried and resulting treatment given in the event of essence of the sickness (Ramaiah, 2008). Antiretroviral drugs are utilized to treat the illness. These medications are taken consistently in an offer to limit the measure of the HIV infection in the body (Ramaiah, 2008). There are additionally post-introduction prophylaxis prescriptions that are utilized for crisis medicines when an individual has been presented to the infection (Hall, Hall and Cockerell, 2011). There is anyway no known remedy for the infection. These medicine are just used to decrease the measure of HIV in the body so as to permit the body battle contaminations. Epidemiological examinations have demonstrated that HIV is transmitted through three courses to be specific sexual transmission, introduction to polluted blood, and mother to youngster transmission. The

Social Structure Essays - Marxian Economics, Breadwinner Model

Social Structure Social Structure This paper will start by depicting the three circles that tie society together. The primary establishment of society is the family or family which is separated into a great many units. Besides, it will talk about the financial organization and its connections to the family. The utilization of work force and how that impacts the force battle with the industrialist commercial center will likewise be talked about. In conclusion, the political establishment of government will be appeared alongside its connections to the family and the families capacity to make change and change guideline. One of the primary organizations in the public eye in the family or family. It is here that practically all the utilization in the public arena happens. It is likewise here that practically all the work power in the public arena starts. The make-up of the family isn't as simple as it once might have been. The family unit is dead and what has supplanted it has put every single old hypothesis about the family to the test. One significant change has been the ascent of the double worker family. In 70% of family units today there is no single provider. (Burggraf, 1997:54) Ladies' situation in the family has been changed drastically from that of one-hundred years back. Three significant issues have been raised about ladies' position in the family. One is that the advancement of sexual orientation disparity inside the family is a consequence of the evolving economy. This being the extra amassing of property in private family units. The subsequent issue is that private enterprise being the main type of economy we know about pushes for the working of each relative to make a solid economy. Finally, the advancement of the family scattered from financial turn of events and become an increasingly social issue. (Wilson, 1982:37) Since the situation of ladies in the family has been so modified from previous history, projections made, even forty years back, are progressively wrong. However, even with the changing structure of the family the financial work power has not essentially expanded. The job of housewife in the post-mechanical age was similarly as essential to ladies as the present double gaining family unit. The housewife was the partner to the spouses job of provider. It was the spouse who cleaned the husbands garments, arranged his food and offered passionate help, without which he was unable to satisfy his job as provider. (Burggraf, 1997:174) With the development of the work market and entrepreneur economy with the regularly expanding utilization of the nuclear family the homemaker was called to enter the workforce. In 1901 just 12% of Canadian ladies were monetarily dynamic, in any case, in 1961 there were 29.5% financially dynamic. (Wilson, 1982:71). This rate has gotten exponentially greater with time. In 1981, 54% of ladies with subordinate youngsters were financially active.(Purdy, 1988:203) Another aspect of the financial nuclear family is proliferation. The objective of the nuclear family is to create youngsters, which thusly extends the work power, which makes a bigger monetary base. In Canadian families the accentuation is on quality not amount and on account of this there are holes in the incompetent work power. It is just through migration that the industrialist economy has had the option to stay aware of the interest for modest untalented work. (Purdy, 1988:229) So the estimation of work power is resolved outside free enterprise, in non-industrialist units that keep up and duplicate work power...families. Companies produce riches as merchandise and ventures and a can last well past a people life length. Free enterprise is an amazing foundation with holds on the economy, political state and family also. The installment of wages permits the enterprises to develop and keep on creating products and endeavor laborers. (Bailey, 1974:127) Families expend. In the cutting edge period, most families are not units of creation and utilization, basically just utilization. They don't amass riches, however just take the wage and spend it on wares that fulfill their requirements. As Karl Marx put it, in the event that I trade an item [labour power] for cash, purchase a product for it and fulfill my need, at that point the demonstration is at an end. (Smith, 1982:29) Families have a restricted life expectancy, related to the pattern of development and decrease of individual relatives. The family, except if it has property, will unavoidably decrease to be supplanted or reawakened in new arrangements down the ages. Wages earned permit families to endure and repeat work power, as youngsters. It is the youngsters that will outlast the family and become the new work power. Working for compensation permits those with monetary movement to help the non-working class individuals from the family unit, youthful and old, mindful and subordinate. In

How to Get Into the Ivy League

How to Get Into the Ivy League The OE Blog As we reported in our previous blog, rising tuition fees and diminishing course choices are prompting more and more UK students to look abroad for higher education. Many set their sights on the prestigious US Ivy League; the group of 8 elite universities that forms the American equivalent of Oxbridge. They are Brown University, Columbia University, Cornell University, Dartmouth College, Harvard University, Princeton University, the University of Pennsylvania and Yale University. But applying to these top colleges from the UK is no mean feat, with admissions requirements differing significantly from the UCAS process. Here are our top tips for getting into the Ivy League… 1. Ace the SAT To apply to an American university you have to take a standardised test called the SAT. There are hundreds of text books and sample papers out there so use them to prepare to the hilt â€" you will need a very high score to be considered by the Ivy League. We recommend using the official College Board practice materials, as they are likely to be the most accurate indicators of actual exam content. 2. Take some Advance Placement Tests APs allow US students to study college level material whilst still in high school. If they score highly enough on the tests, their results will be worth ‘college credit’ when they get to university. These tests are usually taken by high-achieving high school students to prove their potential for Ivy League applications, so it is worth sitting some if you want to be able to compete. 3. Give your Personal Statement Punch As with UCAS, a personal statement is required for the US application process. Use yours to make you stand out from the crowd â€" try to imbue it with a real sense of personality and pizazz and avoid generic platitudes like “I want to be a doctor because I want to help people.” For more advice on spicing up your statement, see our 3-part Personal Statement Guide. 4. Amazing Admissions Essays Admissions essays are perhaps the single most important component of any Ivy League application. They range in topic from specific, even bizarre prompts like the University of Chicago’s “What would you do with a foot and a half tall jar of mustard?” to more traditional questions about career aspirations, subject choices and your reasons for choosing a particular college. Make yours shine, with the most original ideas, structure and language you can think of. Try looking at the question in a new and different way, or question why it is being asked at all â€" above all, make sure you stand out from the crowd. 5. Fantastic References The Ivy League application package also requires references from your current teachers. Make sure you search out the teachers who know you the best and are likely to write the most glowing reports. Remember that UK teachers are used to writing UCAS recommendations â€" so may not be aware of word length or content requirements for American applications. Research these for them and politely let them know the details to be confident of getting a pitch perfect reference. Still stressed? Check back soon for a more detailed guide to writing an amazing admissions essay!

Community Circle Class Meetings for Classroom Management

One way to build a student-centered learning community is through class meetings, also known as Community Circle. This idea is adapted from the popular book called Tribes: We Need You to Lead Us by Seth Godin. Frequency and Time Required Consider holding class meetings weekly or biweekly, depending on your needs and preferences. Some school years, you may have a particularly delicate classroom environment that needs extra attention. Other years, getting together every other week may be enough. Budget approximately 15-20 minutes for each class meeting session at approximately the same time on a predetermined day; for example, schedule the meeting right before lunchtime on Fridays. The Class Meeting Agenda As a group, sit in a circle on the ground and stick to some very certain rules, which are: Appreciation of Others (i.e. no put-downs)Listen AttentivelyRespect EveryoneRight to Pass (students can pass when its their turn) Additionally, designate a special gesture to keep things under control. For example, when the teacher raises her hand, everyone else raises their hand and stops talking. You may want to make this gesture different from the attention signal you use during the rest of the day. At each class meeting, announce a different prompt or format for sharing. The Tribes book offers a wealth of ideas for this purpose. For instance, it is effective to go around the circle and finish sentences, such as: One thing I like about our classroom is....Im grateful that....One good thing that happened to me recently is....I wish....Im bigger than a ______. Im smaller than a ________.I hope that.... Interview Circle Another idea is Interview Circle where one student sits in the middle and the other students ask him/her three autobiographical questions. For instance, they ask about brothers and sister, pets, likes and dislikes, etc. The interviewee can choose to pass on any of the questions. I model how it works by going first. The kids enjoy calling on their classmates and learning about each other. Conflict Resolution Most importantly, if there is a problem in the classroom that needs to be addressed, the class meeting is the most appropriate place to bring it up and model problem solving with your class. Offer time for apologies and clearing the air. With your guidance, your students should be able to practice these important interpersonal skills with maturity and grace. Watch It Work Fifteen minutes per week is a small investment to make in order to strengthen the bonds between you and your students. Students sense that their opinions, dreams, and insights are valued and treated with respect. It also gives them a chance to practice their listening, speaking, and interpersonal skills. Try it in your classroom. See how it works for you! Edited By: Janelle Cox

Frog Anatomy - Internal and External

Caravaggio Free Essays

Aggravating Michelangelo Aggravating, greatest Italian Baroque artist, was born in 1573. He had a complex character and a trouble personality, which he often got drunk and got involve into a fight. In 1605, he committed a murder and was sentence to death but he had been working in major Churches of Rome. We will write a custom essay sample on Caravaggio or any similar topic only for you Order Now Therefore, he had an important friend, Cardinal Del Monte, who became his sponsor and helped him to escape from Rome to Naples, where he was still painting a lot of incredible works. In 1610, Aggravating was granted pardon by the pope, so he decided to go back to Rome. Unfortunately, he had a fever and died at the beach. Aggravating introduced new style of painting called Naturalism, painting people and things truly as they are while Renaissance period tried to paint everyone and everything looks beautiful, beautiful clothes, good looking, flower in bloom and fruit seem ready to eat, However Aggravating painted ugly people, poor people in old ragged clothes, flower that was dying or fruit that was going rotten. He tried to keep his painted away from ideal of beauty. This is a new idea, which was new development of Western art, to think as they are. Aggravating had many works focus on portrait of low life, that was not only mean poor people, but also people getting drunk, prostitute, gambler, people getting fight and illegal activities. He had a lot of famous work firstly was David and Goliath, David holding the head of Goliath, which Goliath head was his self-portrait because Aggravating has been sentence to death; his head should be cut off, but he escape before, Therefore he painted David show pity for giant and that for made people feel pity for him. Secondly, SST. Mathews Martyrdom, another famous picture, was a new way of painting. Murderer was in a center and the light was focus on murderer not a Saint. Thirdly, Cardsharps, gambling picture, was a picture of rich boy cheated by poor boy, who had extra cards tucked in his belt behind his back, and old man, who was peering over rich boys shoulder and signaling to his young accomplice. He also had a lot of another famous work such as the artist as Bacchus (god of wine), Judith deadheading Holystones, The betrayal of Christ, Doubting Thomas, and The Conversion of SST. Paul etc. Many of his theme disturbing violence, murder and execution but people can drown by his picture more than Renaissance period, that even a picture was extremely beautiful, people often felt separate from the painting. People may admire the picture of people falling into the hell in The Last Judgment by Michelangelo, but they did not feel really threaten by it unlike Aggravating painting. Aggravating By Peppy How to cite Caravaggio, Papers

Taxation - Inflation and Unemployment in Australia

Question: Discuss about the Taxation,Inflation and Unemployment in Australia. Answer: Introduction Economic Impact of the Tax Reform by the Government of Australia Australia government tries to be more liberal in fiscal policies by reducing tax and increases subsidies in 2016-17 budgets(Bhattarai, 2016). This tax reduction and subsidy expansion is a package of expansionary fiscal policy. Consumption and investment both increases and finally aggregate demand of an economy rise. It gives the prosperity stage of the business cycle. This expansionary fiscal policy has a very broad perspective for economic growth. Australia governments objective is to focus on jobs and growth(Argy, 2013). Firstly, the comparison will be in between the standard growth determinant unemployment and this policy view. The Australian government improves the tax pattern. It has the significant good impact on fall in unemployment. It is above mentioned that expansionary fiscal policy raises government expenditure(Chatterjee, et al., 2016). Reduction in income tax, the increment in subsidy to the producers is played like an incentive to individuals. Producers can be able to produce more and for that purpose, labours are needed. This phenomenon implies the creation of new jobs in Australia. So, the first focus of government is satisfied(Wells Fargo Research Team, 2016). Secondly, the comparison will be in between the standard growth determinant GDP and this policy view. If the government takes the expansionary fiscal policy, it will be acted as an incentive to the producers. It will lead to more GDP, and national income of Australia would rise. Therefore, the second focus of Australia government can be on the GDP figure(Crabb, 2016). This improvement in tax pattern also gives incentives to innovations, new entrepreneurship, and also creates new high technological jobs in the production system. These all are very fortunate factors for promoting a countrys economic growth(Besanko Braeutigam, 2010). Thirdly, the infrastructure will be the parameter for comparison and Australias new policy view. Infrastructure is critical for advancing the growth of a country. This tax improvement in the federal budget also promotes infrastructural growth by allocating government expenditure in different infrastructural projects(Bhattarai, 2016). This will improve both infrastructures and also generates employment and income for the economy. Improved infrastructure has more benefited International trade. This advanced infrastructure will make a forward linkage(Baumol Blinder, 2011). Figure 1: Impact of expansionary fiscal policy in an economy (Source: Author's creation) It is implied from the above process; the expansionary policy is needed in both domestic and external sectors to achieve the diversified economic growth in Australia. This is the focus of the federal budget 2016-17 in Australia. Fourthly, the comparison will be in between the standard growth determinant international trade and this policy view. Domestic expansionary fiscal policy increase more production and national income rises(World Bank, 2016). Therefore, it is beneficial for Australias export means there is an improvement in the trade balance. At the same time, Australia government wants more competitive, liberal trade agreement. If Australia government reduce trade barriers in the international trade negotiation, this situation will take place in Australia(Carter, et al., 2016). Relation between Inflation and Unemployment in Australia. According to Table 1, it is found that inflation rate individually declines, and the level of unemployment is smoothly increasing up to 2015. This two combined result is not impressive, and it can be treated as an alarm for future economic growth if this trend continues(Bhattarai, 2016). It can happen that due to this phenomenon, Australia governments objective is to focus on jobs and growth' in this current federal budget 2016-17(Long, 2016). The government wants to promote aggregate demand by adopting the expansionary fiscal policy. It is already mentioned that this policy can be able to bring sounder economic base for Australia. Table 1: Unemployment and Inflation Rates of Australia in the previous decade (Sources: OECD.org and World Development Indicators) Figure 2: Relation between inflation and unemployment in Australia (Source: Author's creation) Figure 2 show that there exists a negative relationship between unemployment rate and inflation in Australia. This study covers the period from 2005-2015 as reported in Table 1. It shows that the short-run Philips curve relationship holds in Australia. It is implied that there is a trade-off between unemployment and inflation in Australia(Long, 2016). It means when there is high unemployment, there must be low inflation, and when there is low unemployment, there will be high inflation. This Philips means business cycle activity in Australia will be same as stated in macroeconomic theory(Argy, 2013). Unemployment and inflation both are problems of an economy and at the same time, these two are the most significant variable for identifying business cycle stages. The combination of high unemployment and low inflation indicates the feature of economic recession and high inflation and low unemployment means economic boom(Besanko Braeutigam, 2010). References Argy, V., 2013. International Macroeconomics: Theory and Policy. 6th ed. Abingdon-on-Thames: routledge. Baumol, W. J. Blinder, A. S., 2011. Macroeconomics: Principles and Policy. 12th ed. Boston: Cengage Learning. Besanko, D. Braeutigam, R., 2010. Microeconomics. New York: John Wiley Sons. Bhattarai, K., 2016. Unemploymentinflation trade-offs in OECD countries. Economic Modelling, 58(6), pp. 93-103. Carter, C. A., Chalfant, J. A., Yavapolkul, . N. Carroll, . C. L., 2016. ernational commodity trade, transport costs, and product differentiation. Journal of Commodity Markets, 1(1), pp. 65-76. Chatterjee, A., Singh, A. Stone, T., 2016. Understanding Wage Inequality in Australia. Economic Record: The Economic Society of Australia, pp. 54-69. Crabb, A., 2016. Wine export: Impact of the 'Brexit' on Australian wine exports. Wine Viticulture Journal, 31(3), pp. 838-852. Long, B., 2016. A taxing issue: Reflections of Christian economists on tax reform in Australia. St Mark's Review, 16(235), pp. 204-212. Wells Fargo Research Team, 2016. RBA on Hold as Aussie GDP Growth Slows Slightly. [Online] Available at: https://www.fxstreet.com/analysis/rba-on-hold-as-aussie-gdp-growth-slows-slightly-201609071703 [Accessed 16 September 2016]. World Bank, 2016. World Data Bank: Word Development Indicators. [Online] Available at: https://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=2series=NY.GDP.MKTP.CDcountry= [Accessed 16 Sempember 2016].

Business Proposal E

Letter of Transmittal Dear Sir/Madam,Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Business Proposal: E-Business for Online Curio Shop specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Enclosed is a copy of the document entitled ‘Proposal for an e-Business’ in the field of Technical Communication. The proposal is a result of a research and a field study carried out to determine the feasibility and applicability of the proposed business in the target area which is conducted as a response to a necessary identification and aimed at determining the best way to meet with the identified need of the target population, In compliance with the fulfillment of the requirements on the subject â€Å"Technical Communication†, the proponents would like to present the proposal consistent with the provided instructions. The main purpose of the document is to propose a small business in the given field with an aim of applying the skills an d experience that have been obtained while undertaking the above named course. The study is aimed at showing how the discipline may be applied in meeting the needs of the society. We hope that this proposal will meet your approval. Very truly yours, Technical Communication Students.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Introduction The discipline of Technical Communication is one of the disciplines that have undergone a lot of reforms and improvements over the past few years, especially due to its integration with the different technological advancements and inventions. This field has now covered a wide area of application and also started applying different new methods in its functionalities in such a manner that allows it to be more modernized, easier to apply as well as to produce more consistent, satisfactory and high quality results. One of the main applications of Technica l Communication has been made in the field of technology itself and more specifically in the area of Internet. Internet as a means of trans-national communication has drastically grown and become more popular among all the sectors in the economy and society. As a result, this has led to an increase in different applications, such as websites, online advertisements, online social networks like Facebook, Twitter and Tagged as well as e-businesses (Katz, 2008). These facilities have enabled people to carry out business, easily communicate, perform social activities and be also able to advertise their businesses and products over the Internet. More advanced applications of the Internet have also enabled its users to access products from different companies, compare their prices and quality. Then, they can purchase the goods of their choice over the Internet through online payment methods only for these products to be shipped to their doorsteps. This has enables the world to become a sma ll marketplace where people can buy products from any place in the world over the Internet staying at home or office (Hdodd, 2011; Markel, 2007). This proposal seeks to identify a market need for e-business and then provide a solution that will be utilized to ensure that the need in the market is met (Katz, 2008). Project Overview The project is a proposal for an e-business that will comprise of a website which will aim at marketing and selling different products of a cultural genre from different cultures in Africa.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Business Proposal: E-Business for Online Curio Shop specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hence, this will be an e-business in the form of an online Curio Shop that will be represented as a website in which different products including African wear, such as clothes, footwear, hats and caps, belts, African ornaments, necklaces, earrings, bangles, rings, jewels, African car vings and paintings and all the other curio products, will be sold (Gurak Lay, 2002). Background Curio shops have become very popular for anyone taking a tour around any state in Africa. They are one of the main attractions for tourists around the world who purchase different cultural products as souvenirs and also as a mode of fashion change from the modern trends of fashion. This has, therefore, increased the demand for African cultural products creating a large market for such products as African wear, ornaments and jewels as well as carvings and paintings. Due to the fact that some of the African societies have maintained their cultures to be able to deal with some of the target products, such as the paintings and carvings as well as different cultural wear, the African regalia is very famous for tourists and other parties concerned around the world (Mirel, 2002). This project seeks to apply technology in helping to meet with the need in the market for African cultural products through establishment of an online Curio Shop which will be an e-business for advertising and sale of products from different cultures all over the Africa (Mirel, 2002). Need Over the past, African cultural products have increased in popularity, especially due to the fact that most of the African societies have preserved their cultures against the influence of modernity. This is an important aspect which is missed in most of the societies around the world. Hence, the tourism industry in Africa is growing rapidly; different products from the African cultures have also experienced an increasing demand around the world (Bucchi, 1998). Though there has been establishment of different physical shops selling the African cultural products in different popular cities and towns all around the world, there is a low activity in this area over the Internet. This project will hence propose a way forward for establishment of a website that will advertise and conduct online sale of cultural produ cts from different African cultures (Bucchi, 1998). Benefits The online Curio Shop will have different benefits to all the involved parties. First of all, to the sellers of Curio products from Africa, this will be a place for easily advertising their products, hence allowing their products to be viewed by large population from all over the world.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These sellers will hence be able to easily and cheaply access different markets in the world and to compete with other curio product sellers from all over the world. Further, they will be able to create a base for tourists visiting their countries who will wish to visit their shops and carry out more purchases from there. This will hence increase the revenue for such sellers just with a little more input into their businesses (Katz, 2008). For online buyers, this will be the ultimate solution to their quest for purchasing products from African cultures in an easier way. While it has been harder and more expensive to purchase such products in the past since the buyers had to travel to Africa for a tour or purchase the goods from shops in their cities which sell such products at exaggerated and uncompetitive prices, it will be easier now to access the products in an easier way and at a cheaper cost. Thus, the goods will be sold at the competitive prices on the ground as they are offer ed in the Curio shops in Africa, and the only extra cost for the buyer will be the cost of shipment which has drastically fallen over the recent past due to establishment of different competing ferrying companies all over the world (Mascha, 2002). The e-business will be also advantageous because it will help promote African culture all over the world. This will make the business unique and help it be more appreciated in different markets and societies. Qualifications of Personnel The staff that will be involved in the business will come from different fields of studies and experiences so as to ensure the business succeeds as intended. The main aim of the owners of the business will be the development of the website, its advertisement and popularization as well as its integration with the different online payment options for ease of sale and purchase. Hence, the staff will need to have a few web developers, marketing and advertisement personnel, sales people and administrators who wi ll coordinate all the different groups for the common objective of achieving the organizational goals of the company (Albers, 2003). In addition to that, the company will not have its own products but will approach different famous curio shops in Africa and request them to enroll onto the website for a small fee. The website owners will generate revenue from the subscription fee as well as from getting commission for every product sold over the website. Further, the website will gain large amounts of revenue from advertisement fees for different curio shops and other businesses in the same sector such as the tours companies in Africa (Pfeiffer, 2009; Hiles, 2001). Data Sources There has already been a research carried out in a few African countries to determine the feasibility of the project. Its results have shown a great need for the proposed form of business. This is mainly so because most of the companies know the need for their online presence to be more competitive; however, t hey lack the required expertise and resources to establish and manage their own websites (Tebeaux, 2004; Eliott, Swartz Herbane, 2002). The establishment of such a website has hence been encouraged by the different shops approached. The owners of these shops have also stated that a centralized website where different shops advertised and sold their products was a better idea that attracted a large customer base than having a different website for each of the companies (Gurak Lay, 2002). Limitations and Contingencies The main limitation of the e-business will be the hardship of coordinating the different shops and updating their products so as to ensure that buyers have updated information on what is actually available on stock. This will be tackled by a group of experts who will ensure that they have a direct contact with the involved shops so as to have the exact information on the stock available. Another challenge that arises as a result of this is the increase in the cost of c ommunication. Though this will be mainly sought through encouraging the use of emails as a way of communication, most of the Curio shops in Africa do not have an easy access to the Internet, that is why this will be hard to coordinate. Hence, the cost of communication will be high (Eliott, Swartz Herbane, 2002). Scope The business will initially be limited to sale the products from different cultures around Africa and will not integrate other cultures at the start. However, with time, the business will consider integrating other cultures from the world, though selectively, so as not to water down the initial plan of the company. The business will also mainly concentrate on African cultural wear including traditional regalia and the fashions that are an integration of African wear and technology. It will be also involved in sale of African jewels, ornaments, carvings and paintings among other cultural products. The company will not be involved in any sale of foods and drinks (Mascha , 2002). Further, on the advertisement lane, the company will only take advertisements that are related to the industry such as the tours companies, flight companies, ferrying companies and online payment companies. Proposed Plan First, a website will be developed and integrated with an easy advertisement mode and online payment methods. Then, shops dealing with sale of cultural products in Africa will be approached and convinced on why they should subscribe and carry out their advertisements and sales on the website besides their physical sales. In addition, other companies in the field will be requested to carry out their business advertisements on the website. Objectives and Methods The e-business will aim at promoting, advertising and selling of African cultural products to the growing markets outside Africa. This will be carried out through establishment of a website which will be accessible to anyone who has the Internet access all over the world. Timetable Item Description Oct 2011 Nov 2011 Dec 2011 Jan 2012 Feb 2011 Mar 2011 Apr 2011 Need Identification XX XX Feasibility Study XX XX Proposal Writing XX Business Plan XX Website Development XX XX XX Business Advertisement XX XX XX XX Enrolling Curio Businesses XX XX XX XX Enrolling Business Advertisements from other Businesses XX XX XX XX Materials and Equipment The only main requirements in terms of materials and equipments will be computers and access to the Internet as well as telephones for communication. Since all the members have all these facilities, then it will not be necessary to purchase any other equipment in the time being. Also, the business may be conducted from a home office, hence there will be no need for a commercial office in the meantime. Personnel Administrators will be involved in coordinating all the different groups involved on the side of the business. Sales and marketing personnel will deal with the advertisement of the w ebsite on different media including on other websites such as company ones, Google, Facebook and others, on newspapers and magazines as well as on blogs and any other viable mode of advertisement. Web developers and IT specialists will be involved in development of the website as well as in updating information on the available products. They will also monitor the online advertisements and all the transactions carried out on the website. Available Facilities There are already a group of IT experts and marketing specialists willing to offer their services for free for the development of the website only for them to become part of the ownership of the business. Also, a number of Curio shops in Africa have promised to embrace the website as part of their business once it is fully developed (Hiles, 2001). Needed Facilities There will be a need to raise funds that will be involved in advertisement of the e-business, establishment of smoother communication ways as well as in the integrati on of online payment methods. Expected Results The business is expected to experience an easy time since the competition in this sector is not high and also since most of the Curio shops in Africa have not yet established their own websites. There is, therefore, expected to be a rise in the number of shops carrying out their advertisements and sales on the website especially as these different shops try to increase their competitiveness against their counterparts. Further, there is expected to be a rise in traffic of internet users visiting the website due to the laid-down advertisement strategies, a factor that will increase the frequency of potential buyers visiting the website. The e-business is bound to raise the targeted revenue from subscription fees, from commissions offered by the companies carrying sales on its website as well as through advertisements of different companies on the website. Feasibility A feasibility study carried out in Africa and online has provided positi ve results indicating that the e-business will pick up very fast and will also have a potential for expansion over time. Cost and Budget ACTIVITY COST Field Survey for Need Identification $1000 Feasibility Study $750 Business Proposal and Business Plan $250 Website Development (Other requirements) $500 Integrating Online Payment Methods $1500 Business Advertisement $2500 Sale of the e-Business idea to Curio Shops in Africa $ 1000 Business Registration $1500 Communication $500 Miscellaneous expenditure $500 TOTAL $10,000 Conclusion The establishment of an e-business in the form of an online Curio Shop in which different Curio Shops in Africa will get a base for advertisement and sale of their products over the Internet will be a milestone for most of these businesses, for buyers from all over the world and for the societies which appraise African cultures. The business will go a great deal into ensuring that products from African cultures can be easily an d cheaply purchased online while on the other side, providing a large variety of products. The website will further provide a base for advertisement by different companies in the same field. Reference List Albers, M. (2003). Content Complexity: Information Design in Technical Communication. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Bucchi, M. (1998). Science and the Media: Alternative Routes in Scientific Communication. London: Routledge. Eliott, D., Swartz, E. Herbane, B. (2002). Business Continuity Management: A Crisis Management Approach. London: Routredge. Gurak, L. Lay, M. (2002). Research in Technical Communication. Westport: Praeger. Hdodd, C. (2011). Managing Business and Professional Communication. New York: Pearson. Hiles, A. (2001). The Definitive Handbook of Business Continuity Management. New York: Wiley. Katz, J. (2008). Fully Matured but not Fully Legitimate: A Different Perspective on the State of Entrepreneurship Education. Journal of Small Business Management, 46, 41-53. Ma rkel, M. (2007). Technical Communication. London: Wiley. Mascha, M. (2002). Cost Management Strategies for Business Decisions. Accounting Education, 17, 12-38. Mirel, B. (2002). Reshaping Technical Communication: New Directions and Challenges in the 21st Century. Michigan: Michigan University Press. Pfeiffer, W. (2009). Technical Communication: A Practical Approach. (7th ed.). London: Pearson. Tebeaux, E. (2004). The Essentials of Technical Communication. New York: Wiley. This report on Business Proposal: E-Business for Online Curio Shop was written and submitted by user Eliseo Waters to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Mesencephalon (Midbrain) Function and Structures

Mesencephalon (Midbrain) Function and Structures The mesencephalon or midbrain is the portion of the brainstem that connects the hindbrain and the forebrain. A number of nerve tracts run through the midbrain that connect the cerebrum with the cerebellum and other hindbrain structures. A major function of the midbrain is to aid in movement as well as visual and auditory processing. Damage to certain areas of the mesencephalon have been linked to the development of Parkinsons disease. Function: Functions of the mesencephalon include: Controlling Responses to SightEye MovementPupil DilationRegulate Muscle MovementHearing Location: The mesencephalon is the most rostral portion of the brainstem. It is located between the forebrain and the hindbrain. Structures: A number of structures are located in the mesencephalon including the tectum, tegmentum, cerebral peduncle, substantia nigra, crus cerebri, and cranial nerves (oculomotor and trochlear). The tectum consists of rounded bulges called colliculi that are involved in vision and hearing processes. The cerebral peduncle is a bundle of nerve fibers that connect the forebrain and hindbrain. The  cerebral peduncle includes the tegementum (forms the base of the midbrain) and the crus cerebri (nerve tracts that that connect the cerebrum with the cerebellum). The substantia nigra has nerve connections with the frontal lobes and other areas of the brain involved in motor function. Cells in the substantia nigra also produce dopamine, a chemical messenger that helps to coordinate muscle movement. Disease: Neurodegeneration of nerve cells in the substantia nigra results in a drop off of dopamine production. Significant loss in dopamine levels (60-80%) may result in the development of Parkinsons disease. Parkinsons disease is a nervous system disorder that results in the loss of motor control and coordination. Symptoms include tremors, slowness of movement, muscle stiffness, and trouble with balance. More Mesencephalon Information: Grays Anatomy: Midbrain Divisions of the Brain Forebrain - encompasses the cerebral cortex and brain lobes.Midbrain - connects the forebrain to the hindbrain.Hindbrain - regulates autonomic functions and coordinates movement.

Acheiving Global Competitive Advantage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Acheiving Global Competitive Advantage - Essay Example The organization employs more than 320,808 people in 160 countries (Toyota Motor Corporation, Annual Report, 2009). TMC is a multinational company. It is a very popular auto company. It designs environment-friendly and superior technology cars. The company was established in the year 1937 by Kiichiro Toyoda. However, the company gained global eminence in the year 1952. The company started advancing in leaps and bounds. North American was the first country to import the cars of Toyota (Source: Toyota Motor Corporation, Annual Report, 2008). TMC and Toyota Motor Sales joined forces in the year 1982 to augment the international presence of the company. There are 522 subsidiaries of the company. In 2008 the company had achieved the status of â€Å"The biggest automobile-manufacturer†, but the financial crisis of 2007 saw the fall in revenue generation of TMC. Its current global standing is number three. The company is based in Toyota City, Aichi in Japan (Toyota, Overview, 2011). The company took over General Motors in 2008. The company is proficient in designing and manufacturing an array of products. The main line of production ranges from luxury and sports vehicles. It also manufactures buses, minivans, trucks, and SUVs. These vehicles are manufactured using either hybrid or combustion engines (like Prius). The subsidiaries of Toyota (like Daihatsu Motor) are also proficient in auto manufacturing. Hino Motors (another subsidiary) manufactures buses and trucks. TMC also produces automotive parts. These are used in the vehicles made by TMC, as well as sold to other automobile manufacturers. The most popular Toyota models are Tundra Truck, Lexus Line, Land Cruiser, Corolla, and Camry. Toyota vehicles are very popular in Asia, which contributes to 40 percent of its sales (Toyota, Products and Services, 2011). TMC has expertise in not only car-manufacturing but also many other fields like e-Toyota business, afforestation,

Philosophy of Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Philosophy of Education - Essay Example Teachers are asked to follow certain procedures or teach certain topics. There is readjustment in schools from admission criteria to the marking system. In such an environment it is natural to ask questions that deal with the content of education and not methods. What should be taught and who should decide it. Should it be the government, parents or the children themselves? The question that is discussed here is whether a child’s needs and interests should determine the syllabus. At first look this question looks a bit odd because it is based on the assumption that children are mature enough to guide their own education. But what looks as an assumption is actually a vague hint at the child-centered theories that exist in modern philosophy of education. These theories believe that any education that is not child-centered is not in fact education at all (Barrow, 116) I believe that a child’s needs, wants and interests shouldn’t determine the syllabus. But in this e ssay I will look at both sides of the issue. I will provide reasons behind this argument. There are many theorists who believe that the children shouldn’t be trained but instead they should be nourished. But I believe that both training and nourishment are required. Rousseau discovered that Children’s mental capabilities and ways of looking at things were quite distinct from those of adults. He said that people need to recognize that children were mentally different and unique. In his book Social Contract he said that all men are born free. I agree with Rousseau but don’t believe that a child is completely free from any restriction (Chandra, 90). Children may be unique but I don’t agree with Rousseau’s line of thinking. Even George Bernard Shaw said that this was ‘‘the most flagrant lie ever told by a sane man.'' I think that the child-centered theories have become extremist in their claims about children being able to decide right curr iculum for themselves. Earlier there was a dearth of philosophy of education. Now we can rest on the findings of Piaget and other researchers. But this opulence of literature on child education wasn’t always present. For a long time the only relevant theories came from a pragmatist philosopher called John Dewey. Dewey had a huge stature in United States and his personal influence led formation of tradition of philosophy of education influenced by his viewpoints. Their views are in sharp contrast to the subject-centered theories that existed before this new debate on education. Before this the education system was formed on the Christian belief of fallibility of man and his salvation through service of the God (Hastings, 587). Because of this thinking a child was an evil soul and hence it needed discipline in order to be saved from the sins. This view is completely different from the child-centered views who uphold that a child’s interest should be a beacon for his stud ent life. The Christian view of child needing authority was flawed for various reasons. It ignored two factors: the sinfulness and fallibility of those in authority, and the necessity for a mutual responsibility between teacher and pupil for the conduct of the educational process. This mutuality is necessary for proper communication. Child-centered theorists such as A.S. Neill believe that a child’s nature is intrinsically good. They believe that a child has an innate wisdom and realism (Neill, 200). Here we see diametrically opposite views on the innate quality of children. It is the adults who

Kushta Abrak Safaid Physicochemical Properties Study

Kushta Abrak Safaid Physicochemical Properties Study STUDY OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF KUSHTA ABRAK SAFAID PREPARED BY DIFFERENT DETOXIFICATION METHODS Mohd Tariq, Khaleequr Rahman, Shahid Shah Chaudhary, Mohd Zakir Corresponding author. Mohd Tariq (M.D) Abstract Background: Kushtas are organo-mineral nano-particles made by treating mineral with several herbs and subjected to precise heat treatment. In classical Unani text, various methods for the detoxification of abrak (Mica) are described. The end product of these methods is considered to be same but scientifically this claim has not been validated. Objective: The present study was aimed at comparative physicochemical evaluation of kushta abrak safaid (KAS) prepared by two different methods of detoxification, using classical as well as modern scientific parameters. Materials and Methods: Abrak was detoxified by two methods mentioned in Unani literature. After detoxification, both kushtas were prepared in furnace due to isolation of material heated, cost effectiveness and controlled heating system. Both finished products were comparatively evaluated for physicochemical characteristics including preliminary tests. Results: Floating and fineness test were positive for both the kushtas indicated correct preparation of KAS. Bulk density (0.50 ± 0.00 and 0.49 ± 0.00 gm/ml), tapped density (0.83 ± 0.00 and 0.83 ± 0.03 gm/ml), Hauser’s ratio (1.69 ± 0.00 and 1.65 ±0.01), compressibility index (40.23 ± 0.24 and 40.25 ±0.41%), loss of weight on drying (0.095 ± 0.00 and 0.094 ± 0.00%), pH of 1 and 10 % solution (9.96 ± 0.01, 9.60 ± 0.01, and 10.87 ± 0.00, 10.30 ± 0.01) total ash, acid insoluble ash, water soluble ash (93.04 ± 0.05, 5.98 ± 0.01, 6.59 ± 0.07 and 97.26 ± 0.03, 6.84 ± 0.01, 7.48 ± 0.00%); extractive values in petroleum ether, acetone, ethanol and water (0.00 ± 0.00, 0.46 ± 0.03, 1.43 ± 0.03, 5.23 ± 0.03 and 0.00 ± 0.00, 0.6 ± 0.00, 1.73 ± 0.03, 2.4 ±0.06%) were reported in KAS1 and KAS2 respectively. Conclusion: Results suggests that physicochemical constants of both kushtas were similar without any significant difference. Hence, the study scientifically validates the claims of Unani scholars that different detoxification methods of abrak do not have any significant effect on physicochemical properties of its kushtas. Key words: Detoxification, kushta, Mica, physicochemical, Unani medicine. 1. Introduction Unani means medicines which are a symbol of life. The name is derived from the word Ionian which originated in Greece. It is a time tested system of medicine dating back 5000 years.1 This system has vast description of useful metals and minerals. Earlier there was a disbelief that minerals are incompatible to humans, but now it has been reported that numbers of metallic compounds are essential for body.2 In Unani and other alternative system of medicine these metals and minerals are mostly used in calcined form called as kushta. Kushta is known by various vernacular names like Rasayana,3,4 Elixir4, Kimiya,4 Ikseer3,4, Bhasma5 etc. It is an organometallic substance treated with a quantum of heat to induce thermal decomposition in drug which produces rapid remedial effect after entering in the body. 6 In Unani system Mica (abrak) is used effectively since millennia for the treatment of various disorders. Internally, it is used in the form of kushta. But before making its kushta, it is always subjected to detoxification in order to enhance its therapeutic actions and remove the unwanted or toxic properties.7 Various detoxification procedures of abrak are mentioned in classical texts, which are still in practiced. Unani scholars claim that different detoxification methods do not implicate significant effect on physicochemical properties of the end products. However, this claim is never scientifically studied. Therefore, the present study was aimed to prepare kushta abrak safaid by detoxifying it by two different methods and comparatively inscribe the physicochemical properties of both the finished product and to observe that whether the two kushtas significantly differ from each other or not. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1 Materials Abrak safaid and milk were purchased from the local market in Bangalore. Ghekwar (Aloe barbadensis Mill.) was procured from the herbal garden of National Institute of Unani Medicine. Shora Qalmi (Potassium nitrate) was purchased from Shrinivasa chemical shop, Rajaji Nagar, Bangalore and was of analytical grade. 2.2 Methods of detoxification (Tasfiya) of abrak safaid Before subjecting to kushtasazi, abrak safaid was purified as per classical literature. Most of the raw drugs are procured from the mines, so there is more chance of impurities, toxicity and heterogeneous qualities. Tasfiya (detoxification) is indicated to eliminate all such impurities and to induce certain good qualities to enhance its pharmaco-therapeutic properties.8 This process results in the conversion of impure mineral into pure or organomineral form, ready to be calcined.9 If ‘tasfiya is not performed, their use is said to be injurious to the individual.10 First method of detoxification The layers of abrak were first separated by pounding with mortar and pestle (Fig 1). The small pieces of abrak were tied loosely in a bag of thick cotton cloth along with date (Phoenix dactylifera) seeds. The bag was then dipped in lukewarm water and rubbed vigorously (Fig 2). Small particles of abrak were then squeezed out of the bag. The process of dipping the bag in hot water and rubbing was repeated till all the particles of abrak were squeezed out of the bag. The particles of abrak were allowed to settle down at the bottom of the vessels and the water was decanted. The abrak particles were collected and allowed to dry. The dry particles are called abrak mahloob (Fig 3).11 Fig 1: Raw abrak Fig 2: Dhanab process Fig 3: Abrak mahloob Second Method of detoxification Abrak was heated on fire (Fig 4) until red hot (Fig 5) and then dipped in 100 ml milk (Fig 6). The procedure was repeated seven times.12 Fig 4. Raw Abrak  during heating Fig. 5 Abrak after  red hot stage Fig. 6. Abrak safaid  after dipping in milk 2.3 Method of preparation of Kushta Abrak safaid KAS was prepared as per method mentioned in Kitab ul taklees6 but with a slight modification, that instead of using the cow dung cakes it was prepared in furnace because being a closed chamber furnace gives better temperature control,9,13 isolation of material being heated, saves time and labour,13 Twelve gram abrak safaid musaffa was dipped in luab gheekwar (Aloe barbadensis) (Fig 7) and placed inside Muffle Furnace and heat was given (Fig 8). For the operation of heat, thermogram of 12 kg of cow dung cakes given by Kumar G et al was followed14 as same quantity of cow dung cakes are used for the preparation of KAS. Afterwards self cooling, 18 gm shora qalmi dissolved in 20 ml water was added (Fig 9) and again heated (Fig. 10) by following same heat pattern. After self cooling, kushta was removed and dipped in one liter water (Fig 11) and kept undisturbed for 2-3 hrs so as to remove shora qalmi. Afterwards water was removed and kushta was dried on heater. After complete drying, KAS ( Fig 12) was stored in an air tight bottle. Fig. 7 Abrak flakes dipped Fig. 8. After 1st puta (Heating) Fig. 9. Shora dissolved  in Aloe barbadensis in water added Fig. 10. After 2nd puta (Heating) Fig. 11. Kushta dipped in water Fig. 12. Final kushta abrak safaid Physico-chemical parameters The prepared kushtas were evaluated for classical parameters like organoleptic properties, classical parameters of kamil kushta (ideal kushta) like floating test, 15 grain floating test,16 fineness test15 as well as modern scientific parameters like bulk density,17 tapped density,17 Hausner’s ratio,18 Carr’s compressibility index19 in density tester by LABINDIA model no. 1025. pH in 1% and 10% solution20 by digital pH meter by Eutech instruments model no. 1544421, loss of weight on drying20 in hot air oven by LABLINE, Anmatrix instrument technologies. Total ash,21 acid insoluble ash,22 water soluble ash22 and extractive values23 were also evaluated. 3. Results and Discussion Ideally kushta should be tasteless, odorless and lusterless. Both KAS were tasteless, odorless, smooth to touch and lusterless (Table no.3). KAS1 was yellowish white and KAS2 was complete white. Floating, grain floating, finger and wall stick test were positive for both kushtas (Fig.13-18). These findings implies that both the kushtas were ideal (kamil) as per classical Unani literature. Fig.13 Floating test (KAS1) Fig.14 Rice floating on KAS1 Fig. 15.Finger test KAS1 Fig. 16 Floating test (KAS2) Fig. 17 Rice floating on KAS2 Fig. 18 Finger test (KAS2) The mean value of bulk and tapped density of KAS1 and KAS2 were 0.50 ± 0.00 gm/ml, 0.83 ± 0.00 gm/ml and 0.49 ±0.00, 0.83 ± 0.03 gm/ml respectively (Table no.4). Bulk density is the mass per unit volume of a loose powder bed. It is an essential parameter for process development of solid dosage manufacturing. It indicates the amount of powder that can fit in a space.18 The tapped density represents the random dense packing of the material and is generally higher for regularly shaped particles (i.e. spheres) as compared to irregularly shaped particles such as needles.18 The mean value of Hausner’s ratio and compressibility Index of KAS1 and KAS2 were 1.69 ± 0.00, 40.23 ± 0.24% and 1.65 ± 0.00, 40.39 ±0.25 % respectively (Table no.4). Compressibility index is a measure of relative importance of inter-particulate interactions. In a free flowing particle, these interactions are generally less significant; so bulk density and tapped density values are closer. For poo rly flowing materials, there are frequently greater inter particle interactions, which results in lower bulk density and a greater difference between bulk and tapped densities. These differences in particle interactions are reflected as compressibility index.18 Compressibility index of kushtas were greater than 37 indicated that both kushtas have very, very poor flow properties.24 However, the compressibility index of KAS1 was less than that of KAS2 indicating that KAS2 was more compressible than KAS1. Fig. 19. Comparative Bulk density, tapped density and Hausner’s ratio of raw abrak, KAS1 and KAS2 pH value of both kushta were alkaline. The pH value of KAS1 and KAS2 was 9.96 ± 0.01 and 9.60 ± 0.01 respectively in 1% and 10.87 ± 0.00 and 10.30 ± 0.01 respectively in 10% aqueous solution (Table no.4). These results are in accordance to the fact that the pH value of water solutions of metallic oxides are basic.25 The percentage of loss of weight on drying at 105 °C was found to be 0.095 ± 0.00 and 0.094 ± 0.00 in KAS1 and KAS2 respectively (Table no.4). Shelf life of kushta as mentioned in classical literature is infinite and they become more and more potent with the advent of time. This negligible moisture might be the factor responsible for high shelf life as it would not provide any medium for the growth of the microbes and restricts the chemical reactions. The mean percentage values of the total ash, acid insoluble ash, water soluble ash and water insoluble ash in KAS1 were 93.04 ± 0.05%, 5.98 ± 0.01 %, 6.59 ± 0.07% and 86.45 ± 0.07 % respectively and for KAS2 were 97.26 ± 0.03 %, 6.84 ± 0.01 %, 7.48 ± 0.00 % and 89.77 ± 0.04% respectively (Table no.4). High ash value in both kushtas showed the presence of very high inorganic content. However, KAS2 showed higher quantity of inorganic matter than KAS2. Fig. 20. Comparative total ash (TA), water insoluble ash (WIA), acid insoluble ash (AIA) and water soluble ash (WSA) of raw abrak, KAS1 and KAS2 The mean percentage of the extractive value of KAS1 in petroleum ether, acetone, ethanol and water were 0.00 ± 0.00, 0.46 ± 0.03, 1.43 ± 0.0and 35.23 ± 0.03 respectively and for KAS2 were 0.00 ± 0.00, 0.6 ± 0.00, 1.73 ± 0.03 and 5.73 ± 0.03 respectively (Table no.4). Extractive values help in the determination of the adulteration and is an index of the purity of the drug. In case of kushta extractive value is performed to extract out organic matter if present.26 Low extractive values were indicative of very low organic matter and maximum quantity of inorganic substance in both kushtas. Fig. 21. Comparative extractive values of KAS1 and KAS2 in petroleum ether, acetone, ethanol and water Table 1: Observations while detoxification of abrak Table 2: Physical Constants of raw abrak Table 3: Preliminary tests of raw abrak, KAS1 and KAS2 Table 4: Physicochemical parameters of raw abrak, KAS1 and KAS2 *LOD- Loss of weight on drying, AIA-Acid insoluble ash, WIA- Water insoluble ash, WSA- Water soluble ash 4. Conclusion The data of the present study suggests that the physicochemical characteristics of KAS1 and KAS2 were similar without any significant difference. Hence, the study validates the claim of Unani scholars that difference in detoxification methods does not have any effect on the action and uses of kushtas. Further, these kushtas should be analyzed through sophisticated analytical instruments like XRD, Particle size distribution, SEM, TEM, Energy Dispersive X Ray, AFM methods. Furthermore, work needs to be done using various animal models to evaluate the extent of absorption and their elemental effect at tissue level. References Dubey N, Dubey N, Mehta RS, Saluja AK, Jain DK. Quality Assessment of Kushta-e-Gaodanti: A Traditional Unani Medicine. Asian J. Research Chem. 2008; 1(1):46-50. Dandiya PC, Vohora SB. Research and Development of Indigenous Drugs. New Delhi: Jamia Hamdard; 1989:297 Kareem BH, Ferozuddin CH. Miftahul Khazain. New Delhi: Idara Kitabus shifa; YNM: 6, 194. Mahdihassan S. Indian Alchemy or Rasayana. New Delhi: Vikas Publication House; 1979: iii, 20,51, 52, 60, 63, 65,66. Bajaj S, Vohora SB. Anti-Cataleptic, Anti-Anxiety and Anti-Depressant Activity of Gold Preparations used in Indian Systems of Medicine. Ind Jour of Pharmacol. 2000; 32: 339-346. Kabeeruddin HM. Kitabul Taklees. New Delhi: Central Council of Research in Unani Medicine; YNM: 23, 46, 68 Khaleefatullah M, Rasheeda AM. Ilmul sayadala- The Unani pharmacy. Andhra Pradesh : Academic Publisher; 2009: 27. Neeralagi RM. Physico-Chemical Analysis and Evaluation of Antibacterial And Antifungal Activity Of Sasyaka Bhasma. Dissertation submitted to the Rajiv Gandhi university of Health Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka; 2010:13. Tariq M. Comparative Physicochemical Analysis of Kushta Nuqra Prepared by Different Methods of Detoxification. Dissertation submitted to the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka; 2013: 68. Chopra RN, Chopra IC, Handa KL, Kapur LD. Chopra’s Indigenous Drugs of India. 2 Nd Ed. Calcutta: Academic Publisher; 1982:461-464. Anonymous. The Unani Pharmacopoeia of India. Part-II. Vol. 1. New Delhi: CCRUM, Ministry of H F.W. Govt. of India; 2007: 270-271. Hafeez A. Sanatal Takless. New Delhi: Central Council of Research in Unani Medicine; YNM: 87. Chaturvedi R, Jha CB. Standard Manufacturing Procedure of Rajata Bhasma. An Int Quar Jour of Res in Ayur. 2011; 32(4): 566–71. Kumar KG, Galib, Patgiri BJ. Pharmaceutical standardization of Jala shukati Bhasma and mukata shukati Bhasma. An Int Quar Jour of Res in Ayur. 2012; 33(1): 136–142. Tariq M, Chaudhary SS, Imtiyaz S. Introduction to kushta: a herbo-mineral Unani formulation. Jour of pharma and sci inno. 2013; 2(1): 14-17. Mohaptra S, Jha CB. Physicochemical characterization of ayurvedic bhasma (swarna mashika bhasma): An approach to standardization. Int Jour of Ayur Res. 2010; 1(2): 82-86. Ahmed N, Niharika G, Deepak P, Nazan S, Mohammed SA. Formulation design, characterisation and in vitro Evaluation of bilayered tablets containing Telmisartan and hydrochlorthizide. Int Jour of Biopharma. 2013; 4(1): 1-9. Qui Y, Chen Y, Zhang GZ. Developing solid oral dosage forms: Pharmaceutical theory and practice. USA: Academic press, Elseviers; 2009: 168-70. Ghosh TK, Jasti BR. Theory and practice of contemporary pharmaceutics. USA: CRC press; 2006: 299 Anonymous. Physicochemical Standards of Unani Formulations. Part 4. New Delhi: Central Council of Research in Unani Medicine; 2006: 39, 142-145. Anonymous. The Unani Pharmacopoeia of India. Vol. 2. New Delhi: GOI. Dept. of AYUSH; 2007: 116. Anonymous. The Unani Pharmacopoeia of India. Vol. 3. New Delhi: GOI. Dept. of AYUSH; 2007: 134. Anonymous. Quality Control Methods for Herbal Materials. Switzerland: WHO; 2011: 29-31 Aulton EM. Aultons Pharmaceutics. London: Churchill Livingstone, Elsevier; 2009: 176-178. Qasmi IA. Kitabul Taklees. Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim University; 2003: 13-17. Rasheed A, Marri A, Naik MM. Standardization of Bhasma: Importance and prospects. Jour of Pharmacy Res. 2011; 4(6):1931-1933.

Psychology and Christianity Essay

An integrative approaches to Psychology and Christianity by David Entwistle explains the fundamental question whether Christians can take a place in psychology. By marrying both scientific and theological disciplines, the author takes a stand to argue that psychology and Christianity can help an individual to serve the Lord within the parameters of duty to love. In this book, Entwistle gives a concise understanding for the interplay between theology and science by taking us through the historical analysis of psychology and how it explains how individuals have their characteristics, qualities and talents which help them serve God and society (p 35-37). Arguably, a person cannot be an effective psychologist without the basis of what is right with is captured in Christianity as a moral concept. With regard to these, our society is shaped by history as well as environment. The knowledge we acquire throughout our existence is inspired by our past experiences. Significantly, Christianity has facilitated how we structure our mindsets over various moral issues in the society. To bridge the gap between Christianity and psychology, Entwistle argues that there are five important paradigms that show the interplay between theology and psychology. This includes spies, enemies, neutral parties, colonialists as well as allies as elements serving ones master called sovereign (p39). The argument presented by Entwistle articulates the concept that psychology resembles theology in line with goals and serve fundamental human purposes of improving as well as giving meaning to the life of a human being. The two disciplines revolves around human functioning and nature hereby, an integrative approach to psychology and Christianity underscores that when it comes to dealing with human life and truth, there should be a unified approach that uses both secular and sacred elements of thinking. With regard to these, both psychology and Christianity need to be integrated because life at large revolves around helping others with issues that promote quality lives and harmony in the society. Critical and Concrete Responses After reading an integrated Approach to Psychology and Christianity, I was led to thinking that the understanding of God and psychology relates coherently to the Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. I agree with the argument because my experiences in the past have acquired as a result of my environment and needs as a human being which moves closer to the relevance of psychology in the life of human beings. Similarly, the feeling of self-actualization is realized through a Christian’s association with God through divine moment of prayer, fellowship and engagement in charitable works because the Bible stipulates that such gestures will grant one an eternal life. On the same note, psychology understands that self actualization is a need that must be met after all the other seven basics ones have been met. Entwistle asserts that both eternal life and Maslow’s hierarchy of needs portend single ideas of achieving in life and feeling the sense of achievement. The truth revealed in the word of God and the various works of Jesus Christ as well as the Christian ministry is something that is characterized in my life. Arguably, life revolves around all these and it is somehow impossible to separate it from life in a Christian perspective. Equally, my life experiences have led me to conclude that certain things in life should be done in my own way. Accordingly, there are many times I have learnt from my experience and have faced many consequences as a result of my choices. In view of this, Entwistle asserts that doing things the way we want articulate the psychological belief of emotions, socialization, intelligence and human needs. However, this argument raises the question of conflicting forces between our beliefs and human desires. As Christianity stipulates how we should behave in line with morality, psychology justifies why we must attend to our human desires. As such, an integration approach to life should cover both Christian teachings and the sentiments echoed by psychologists (pg 59-63). I was a temperamental person who for years reprimanded people for wronging me. Although I justified my case by arguing that I respect my feelings and that is me, God called upon me to change my temperament by managing anger so that I can accommodate others. God’s intervention in this case harmonized how I lead my life because; I was able to strike a balance between my religious beliefs and human desires. Most significantly, managing a balance, or rather moving my hot tempers to reasonable levels necessitated the intervention of counseling services. Accordingly, I embarked on regular counseling with gave me an insight on how to understand other and tune my emotions to the levels that accommodate others feelings. This way, the book an integrated approach to psychology and Christianity, underscores the importance o integrate theology and psychology. Somehow, psychology helps Christians to understand their human face and through services such as psychotherapy, counseling, a Christian will be able to moderate the psyche of the soul as well as the soul of psychology. Personal Reflection Although Entwistle advocates for s linkage in the two disciplines and goes ahead to propose that Christians should integrate science theology in viewing issues of life, it becomes critical to the Christians because one question that is raised is how can Christians be motivated to use psychotherapy and counseling services as a way of integrating psychology and Christianity. Entwistle asserts that moral concepts of live are well explained in Christian doctrines and through psychology, such moral doctrines can be well explained and a Christian will consciously understand the essence of being a Christian. However, the book fails to recommend how counseling can be promoted and how psychotherapy and other psychological services can be enshrined in the Christian education. Accordingly, the question of how we as Christians should accomplish the goal of promoting the integration of science to theology takes the center stage of the entire debate that Entwistle engages in concerning reaping the full benefits of integrating psychology and Christianity. Arguably, Entwistle uses words that further complicate the message of integrative approach to psychology and Christianity. In essence, this makes it difficult for an average reader to appreciate the information being conveyed let alone retention. In addition, it plausible to note that as a reader I found it hard to grasp the interests as well as concept of integrating psychology and Christianity because of the fact that the book is written broad view hence it seems to argue in circles around the importance of using both psychology and Christians teaching. Recommended Action Owing to this weakness of language and jumping around ideas, there are measures that can be taken to help us benefit from the Christian psychological integration. Advising others on how to benefit from counseling will form the fundamental action that spearhead the campaign for integrating Christianity and psychology. In this view, sharing some of my experiences with regard to how I have benefited from counseling to succeed in my Christian faith and life at large will work in helping in the whole initiative of promoting such kind of integration. If possible, all counselors who happen to be Christians should uses their positions to root the belief of integrating Christianity and psychology into other Christians and equally work with other counselors to devise methods of overcoming challenges that may come with their initiatives. At the same time, the basis of my intervention will revolve around moral maturity. As such, it is recommended that encourage Christians to search for the truth and thus understand for themselves how best they can use psychology to succeed in their lives and Christian works. In a nutshell, Entwistle espouses that it is only through a concise integration of both science and theology that Christians will embrace the concept of togetherness. In other words, they will understand how humans functions and thus structure their spiritual beliefs in a realist way to avoid the self conflict that is always inherent among many believers. Psychology signifies the many teachings that are typical to Christianity such as values. Reference Entwistle, D. (2004). Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christian. New York: Wipf & Stock Publishers

Maple Leaf Foods Essay

In the summer of 2008 there was a widespread outbreak of listeriosis linked to deli meats produced in a Maple Leaf Foods, Inc. (Maple Leaf) plant in Toronto, Canada. The outbreak claimed over 20 lives and sickened hundreds. This reaction paper will take a deeper look at the crisis, analyze the company’s response, and address ethical issues related to the case such as responsibility, honesty, and transparency. Similar cases involving recalls made by Menu Foods, Tylenol and Mattel will be discussed as a contrast. Listeriosis is an infection caused by the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes. Listeria is a common bacterium found in all sorts of food plants but is dangerous at high levels, especially for adults over fifty, pregnant women, newborns, and people with a weakened immune system. The listeria at Maple Leaf was found in two of its industrial sized slicers. The experts believe it was buried deep inside the machines where it couldn’t be cleaned during sanitation. Hospitals and retirement homes were providing the contaminated Maple Leaf meats to their patients and residents respectively. Seniors, vulnerable to the bacteria, became ill and some eventually died. Michael McCain, Maple Leaf’s CEO, offered a sincere apology immediately after the officials confirmed the link between the outbreak and Maple Leaf products. He described the crises as â€Å"the toughest situation we’ve faced in the 100 years of this company’s history.† He then, as a precaution, expanded the recall to include all 220 products produced at the Toronto plant. The costs were estimated at $20 million. So who was responsible? Obviously, the listeria was linked back to Maple Leaf, but what about the regulators? Shouldn’t they have set more stringent policies to prevent such occurrences? Or maybe situations like this can’t be avoided since listeria can’t be fully eliminated from food plants like Maple Leafs. Maybe the hospitals or retirement homes should be more careful with the food they provide to people with weak immune systems. Some of the points given might be stretching it but they are valid arguments, nevertheless. Maple Leaf had a choice to make; it could have tried to defend itself and divert responsibility by pointing fingers or it could have taken responsibility. Mr. McCain made the choice to take full responsibility. â€Å"We had a breach, and we took accountability† he says in an interview with Maclean’s magazine. He expanded the recall to include all 220 products produced at the plant, which cost an estimated $20 million. He committed to implementing safety standards that are amongst the most conservative in the world. Finally, he decided to handle lawsuits as promptly as possible by giving people what they wanted for the most part. The decisions that Mr. McCain made seem to be costly ones, at least in the short run. It can be argued that Maple Leaf, being a public company, has an obligation to maximize shareholder first and foremost. Increased costs could negatively impact shareholder value. So did Mr. McCain make the right choice? To answer this question we use Menu Foods, Tylenol, and Mattel as examples and summarize using Tucker’s five questions. In March 2007, Menu Foods, a manufacturer of over 90 brands of dog and cat food, recalled 60 million cans of pet food after it was discovered that the pet food contained wheat gluten tainted with melamine and cyanuric acid. The combination of the chemicals caused kidney failure and death in some cases. The source of the toxic chemical was traced back to Chinese pet food manufacturer, ChemNutra. The company did not handle the recall in a timely manner and it failed to assume full responsibility. Rather the CEO tried to portray the company as a victim. Ultimately, the recall cost Menu Foods an estimated $53.8 million and the company faced multiple lawsuits. The company’s stock price fell as much as 91% within a year of the recall and was eventually purchased by Simmons Pet Food in August 2010. In 1982, several people died as a result of taking Tylenol, which was contaminated with cyanide. After investigation it was discovered that the Tylenol were tampered with. Johnson and Johnson, the parent company, recalled all 31 million bottles and created a tamper-proof bottle. The recall and the new bottle design cost Johnson and Johnson over $100 million. It was a costly move for the company in the short-run but it was a smart and ethical strategy in the long-run as it helped rebuild costumer confidence in the company’s products. Similarly in August 2007, Mattel recalled 20 million Chinese manufactured toys that had potentially toxic lead paint and magnets that could be dislodged. Mattel’s CEO took personal responsibility and the company aggressively notified the public about the recall. Mattel handled the recall quite well and was able to maintain a good brand reputation. From the three examples provided above, the observation can be made that consumers react much more favourably to companies that take full responsibility when they make a mistake, work quickly to resolve the problem, compensate those affected fairly, and act in an honest and transparent manner. Tylenol and Mattel might have made costly decisions in the short run but were able to restore customer confidence and improve shareholder value in the long run. Tucker’s five questions is a useful way to assess Mr. McCain’s decision to take full responsibility and take costly measures to improve the safety program of Maple Leaf. First, was the decision profitable? In the short run no, but in the long run yes the decision was profitable as sales levels were maintained. Two, was it legal? Yes. Three, was it fair? Yes, for the most part it was fair. The people that lost family members will not get them back, but impacted individuals were compensated as fairly as possible. Furthermore, the consumers and shareholders were communicated to in an honest, genuine, and transparent manner. The fourth question asks, was it right? Yes, the right thing to do in a sensitive situation like this was to admit to the mistake and act in the most virtuous way possible to correct the wrong. The final question asks, was it sustainable? Maple leaf committed to making its safety standards among the most conservative in the world. This commitment was a long-term decision that has helped foster a culture of high standards that will enhance sustainability in the long run. In conclusion, Mr. McCain’s decision to take full responsibility and act in an honest and transparent manner was the right and ethical decision to make. He was able to restore customer confidence in the company and increase shareholder value in the long run.

Sample How to Write a Discussion Essay - 997 Words

Abstract This essay will examine the advantages and disadvantages of disciplining children. Firstly, it will consider the disadvantages of disciplining children in terms of injuries, children taking revenge and broken relationships. Equally, it will consider the advantages of disciplining children in terms of having more respectful children, appreciation and learning life lessons. Finally, the essay will conclude that disciplining children will eventually lead to a better society in the future. Children can be quite a handful to deal with at times. Disciplining children, no matter what methods are used, will always come to mind. The concerning subject are the advantages and the disadvantages that may concern people who are in authority†¦show more content†¦Next, disciplining children will teach them about appreciation. Children may learn to value what is given to them. For example, it can be assumed that consequences will arise when parents’ instructions are not followed. Consequences work when the child is trying to get the parent s attention by misbehaving and when children fight, dawdle, and fail to do their chores. Consequences can be used to get children to school on time, to meals on time, and to take responsibility for homework. The child learns that if he doesn t pick up his toys, he can t go out and play; if he doesn t wash his hands before meals, he won t be served any food; and if he fights with his brother while in the car, the car will be stopped until calm resumes. (Telep 2009, N.P.) Thus, children appreciating valuable things and understanding the consequences of misbehaviour is an advantage when disciplining children. Finally, life lessons can be learned through discipline. These life lessons can possibly determine the child’s future. For example, disciplining a child to complete school work before engaging in leisure activities will teach the child the importance of education. Another example is disciplining a child for being very careless, to prevent serious future injuries. Therefore, an advantage of disciplining children is that children may learn very important life lessons through discipline. The issues of disciplining children both have advantages and disadvantages. ThoughShow MoreRelatedAshford MAT 222 WEEK 1 TO 5 Essay1280 Words   |  6 Pagesup the two ratios and write your equation choosing an appropriate variable for the bear population. 2. Complete problem 10 on page 444 of Elementary and Intermediate Algebra. Show all steps in solving the problem and explain what you are doing as you go along. 3. 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