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E Commerce An Effective And Efficient Way Of...

Electronic commerce, commonly known as e-commerce or eCommerce, is a type of industry where the buying and selling of products or services is conducted over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer networks. Modern electronic commerce typically uses the World Wide Web at least at one point in the transaction s life-cycle, although it may encompass a wider range of technologies such as e-mail, mobile devices, social media, and telephones as well. Electronic commerce is generally considered to be the sales aspect of e-business. It also consists of the exchange of data to facilitate the financing and payment aspects of business transactions. This is an effective and efficient way of communicating within an organization and one of the most effective and useful ways of conducting business. SEVEN FEATURES OF E-COMMERCE . Ubiquity In traditional commerce, a marketplace is a physical place you visit in order to transact. For example, television and radio typically motivate the consumer to go some- place to make a purchase. E-commerce, in contrast, is characterized by its ubiquity: it is available just about everywhere, at all times. It liberates the market from being restricted to a physical space and makes it possible to shop from your desktop, at home, at work, or even from your car, using mobile commerce. The result is called a market- space—a marketplace extended beyond traditional boundaries and removed from a temporal and geographic location. From aShow MoreRelatedSample Persuasive Message1116 Words   |  5 PagesMargarette Chavez Sample Persuasive Message E-tailing, short for electronic retailing is the sale of retail merchandise over the internet. There are many factors that beckon different behaviors in e-tailing ( Searchcio.com, 2011 ). It is the new wave of the world today. As technology steers our habits toward electronic commerce, it affects different behavioral aspects for both e-tailers and their customers. E-commerce, short for electronic commerce, is the buying and selling of goods and servicesRead MoreSocial Media Tools in E-Commerce2025 Words   |  9 PagesSocial Media Tools in E-Commerce COMM/470 As with any organization the key to success are many. It’s a matter of determining which keys fit the door of success and focus of the organization. Technology is continuously expanding therefore producing more advanced tools to better organize, communicate effectively and provide efficiently the highest quality of work output by employees. Taking on the task of assisting with the launch of a new e-commerce unit, it is important to recognize thatRead MoreIssues and Opportunities for Classic Airlines2364 Words   |  9 Pagesof retaining a customer is much lower that the cost of acquiring one.The rapid transformations within the commercial airline industry have seen Classic Airline (CA) experience several challenges in its quest of delivering increased customer value within a leaner consumer budget. The work of Plunkett Research Online indicates that travel industry expenditures are continuously decreasing while e-commerce is quickly resulting in job cuts. In this regard, Clas sic Airlines is to employ this reality asRead MoreMarketing and Internet5330 Words   |  22 Pages1-2, 1-3) What is E-Marketing? E-Marketing is the use of information technology in the processes of creating, communicating, and delivering value to customers, and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization and its stakeholders. How Does E-Marketing Relate to E-Business? E-business is the continuous optimization of a firm’s business activities through digital technology (allows the storage and transmission of data in digital formats.) E-business involves attractingRead MoreEssay E-Commerce and Vladimir Zwass2877 Words   |  12 PagesE-Commerce E-Commerce is a shortened word which means Electronic-Commerce. Vladimir Zwass (2001) defines E-Commerce as the process of carrying out business transactions by the use of telecommunication networks. It involves sharing business information and maintaining business relationships. E- Commerce started as early as 1948 during the Berlin airlift in the form of electronic transmissions (Seideman, 1996). E-Commerce later developed into electronic data interchange (EDI) and in the 1960s, industriesRead MoreAir Asia Operational Information Management in Strategy and Operations2785 Words   |  12 Pageswhich aims to identify its potential future market segments. The study also explore on how current information systems strategy adopted by the Air Asia, in which could help the company to strengthen its position as a leading low cost airline and effective new market segment help their mission practically. Therefore, this consulting study would provide a microscopic analysis on the impact of current electronic marketing strategy development process as desired in the following sections. The first partRead MoreThe Success For A Small Business1516 Words   |  7 Pages It is the road map that good managers follow and communicate within the organization. Conducting daily business practices, supervising employees, organizing and managing business structures, and communicating with departments are a few of the tasks that manager perform. Managers implement the goals their business will pursue and determine the course of action it will take to achieve these goals (Jones George 8). Many organizations begin a business before aligning a course of action or leader.Read MoreSocial Media in E-Commerce2686 Words   |  11 PagesSocial Media Tools in E-Commerce Last week the team created a presentation to describe how new communication technology could help the team-oriented projects of an e-commerce company succeed in a more effective and efficient manner. Now that the presentation is complete and was a success, the executives would like us to launch an e-commerce unit. The team will discuss how the new social media tools may be used to distribute messages to consumers and clients and explain which tools are the bestRead MoreThe Effects of the Internet on Channel Strategy2757 Words   |  12 Pagesare exchanged. Whereas marketing â€Å"is a social process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and value with others,† the marketing channel is a the actual exchange relationships within marketing. Today, marketing channels are not so much a distribution process as a relationship orientation. (Pelton, Strutton, Lumpkin, 2007) According to our text, marketing channels are created because of a need for the marketplace to be betterRead MoreThe Information Systems Requirements and Subsequent Evaluation of the Impact These Systems Will Have on the Business ‘Ready to Eat,9110 Words   |  37 Pages Managers and business owners are expected to make decisions which have a positive effect on the future of the business; this report describes how Information systems have directly influenced decision making and how if information systems to be effective need to integrate forecasting the future and offer alternative scenarios of the outcomes of decision. The report also offers the hypothesis of Porters Competitive Forces model and advocates that this model is the foundation to understanding the

Entrepreneurial Alertness in Opportunity Identification

Question: Discuss about the Entrepreneurial Alertness in Opportunity Identification. Answer: Introduction: Although there is no universally accepted definition of an entrepreneur, Hapiro (2016) suggests that an entrepreneur as an individual who initiates a business enterprise, by accepting various risks and challenges associated with entrepreneurship with the aim of making profit. A person who identify an opportunity in a particular area, recognises the needs and wants of the customers and establishes a business enterprise to satisfy the identified needs and wants is known as entrepreneur. Entrepreneurs are known to be people who take financial risks with the aim of making profit. They tend to be good at identifying new opportunities and coming up with better ways of operating their businesses in order to satisfy their customers. For example, they are good in identifying new possibilities and noticing unmet market needs. The high pro-risk-taking attitude which they possess make them more likely to exploit the possible opportunities they spot. According to Yavuz (2014), an entrepreneur can be in control of commercial activities, directing various factors like production of goods and services, human resources, financial flows and material resources. In addition to initiating a business, entrepreneurs play the role of a manager and oversees various factors which favour the growth their businesses. Most of the entrepreneurs are good in time management and this makes it possible for them to balance family life and business activities. According to Valdez (2011), the term entrepreneur refers to the qualities of initiative, team-building, leadership and innovation in new venture design. Unlike small business owners, entrepreneurs are focused to growth of their business and always seek to use technology innovation to establish a change for the sake of maximizing profit. Some key features which characterize Entrepreneurs comprise of being resourceful, self-motivated, willing to take risks, and having vision and flair. Small business is defined as an enterprise that employs less than 20 members of staff (Williams, 2015). Although sometimes the word entrepreneur and small business owner are used interchangeably, they refer to two different things. One of the factor which brings the difference between the two is the level of their self-efficacy. Comparing the two, entrepreneurs have strong belief of their capabilities as compared to small business owners. Entrepreneurs have goals and enjoys seeing their businesses at a different level after sometime while small business owners enjoy the existence of their businesses more than their growth. Entrepreneurs exhibit dynamic forces when planning and launching of new business enterprises. They handle various issues in their businesses like for example product design, establishing most efficient production methods, undertaking marketing activities among others (Rose, 2011). On the other hand, small-business owner is a person who owns a business enterprise but may not be involved in running the business. Comparing the two, small business owners plays few roles in running a business as compared to an entrepreneur. Entrepreneurs and business owners differ in the manner in which they relate to their business. To start with, entrepreneurs take their businesses as assets, or something that need to be well managed so that it can enable them to realize better returns (Judith, 2015). On the other hand, small business owners happen to be more sentimental concerning their enterprises. An entrepreneur is an organizer and a person who takes risks, and utilizes available opportunities to make profit. They introduce new idea after the other, and use innovation to enhance customer satisfaction (Colleen, 2015). On the other hand, small business owners are individuals who organize the processes involved in running businesses and experience the challenges of running an operation-based business opportunity to make a profit. Small business owners are also referred as owner-operators because they mostly put much emphasis on sales than developing their businesses. According to Beverly (2014), entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE) refers to the ability of an individual to effectively accomplish the duties and responsibilities of an entrepreneur. He also claims that people slowly develop self-efficacy through social, cognitive and physical experiences. As a result of this, previous positive outcome of a particular task can impact the expectations of an individual and also assist in reinforcing his/her self-efficacy. As it has be utilized in entrepreneurial literature, ESE focuses on ones belief that he/she can take undertake entrepreneurial roles based on assessment of their functional, managerial, supervisory and technical skills (Fotopulos, 2015). In much of the entrepreneurial literature, scholars have been concentrating on explaining the competencies of entrepreneurs in terms that are closely related to the duties and responsibilities an effective manager. ESE can be used to differentiate small business owners from entrepreneurs because of several facts. Over the past years and even the recent time, self-efficacy has been commonly related to ones commitment to attain desired goals. Entrepreneurs and small business owners differ in the manner in which they commit their efforts to attain their goals. Entrepreneurs have strong desires for their businesses to remain successful and grow. This means they put more efforts, performing different roles in order to attain this. On the other hand, small business owners do not struggle too much because they feel fine as long as their business is in existence. According to Yavuz (2014), entrepreneurs plan for their businesses and focus on growth and always identify things that are likely to impact the success of their firms. This means they utilize ESE to identify all strengths and weaknesses which influence their ability to successfully run their businesses. On the other hand, small business owners do not put much emphasis on growth, they simply enjoy owning a business, meaning they rarely analyse personal traits that can influence the success of their businesses. Self-efficacy is known to have an extensive theoretical foundation and pragmatic support in predicting future performance of businesses (Judith, 2015). Based on the fact that entrepreneurs focus on growth than small business owners, it means ESE works better for entrepreneurs than small business owners. Entrepreneurial self-efficacy enables entrepreneurs to establish growth expectations for their businesses and come up with strategies of attaining their goals. Entrepreneurial self-efficacy is closely related to business/ individual performance in the fact that it assists one to find out if he/she has what it takes to successfully run a business (Judith, 2015). When making decisions on whether to utilize business opportunity or not, entrepreneurial self-efficacy assist individuals to identify their strengths and weaknesses so that they can make a decision that cannot make them to land into pitfalls. According to Hapiro (2016), entrepreneurial self-efficacy influence performance because it can be used by companies and individuals to determine areas of strengths and weaknesses so that they can assess the potential of an entrepreneur. The success of businesses depends on ones ability to perform the duties and responsibilities of an entrepreneur According to Yavuz (2014), entrepreneurial self-efficacy is a rational belief that requires systematic and constant efforts to be changed. In the field of entrepreneurship, different empirical studies have identified the existence of a positive relationship between the general measure of self-efficacy and performance (Jun, 2010). These studies have also suggested that entrepreneurial self-efficacy can be used by firms or individuals to identify the major reasons that make an individual or organization not to perform well. This means if well utilized, entrepreneurial self-efficacy can assist individuals and organizations to realize positive performance. According to Colleen (2015), entrepreneur self-efficacy can be used to identify the reasons that may make an entrepreneur to avoid utilizing a business opportunity. Many people avoid entrepreneurial activities or fail to utilize available opportunities not because they lack what it takes but because they believe they do (Yavuz, 2014). This mostly happens among women and other minority groups who are perceived to lack the skills and abilities required to undertake various activities in the society. In order to encourage entrepreneurship, the society should use entrepreneurial self-efficacy to identify sources of entrepreneurial avoidance and encourage women and other minority groups to initiate their businesses. According to Williams (2015), entrepreneurial self-efficacy can assist in minimizing chances of business failure because it helps in identifying if one can effectively perform the roles of an entrepreneur. Entrepreneurs have entrepreneurial self-efficacy because they hold strong beliefs that their abilities can assist them to accomplish various tasks required for the success of their businesses. Bibliography Hapiro, R. S., 2013. The Real Problem Solvers: Social Entrepreneurs in America. Stanford, CA: Stanford Business Books. Yavuz, R. I., 2014. The Outsider Entrepreneurs. El Paso, TX: LFB Scholarly. Valdez, Z., 2011. The New Entrepreneurs: How Race, Class, and Gender Shape American Enterprise. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Williams. T., 2015. Think Agile: How Smart Entrepreneurs Adapt in Order to Succeed. New York: American Management Association. Rose, T., 2011. Self-Efficacy and Effort in New Venture Development. Journal of Management and Organization, 17(1), 78-92. Judith, G. V., 2015. Female Entrepreneurs and Negotiation Self-Efficacy: A Study on Negotiation Skill Building among Women Entrepreneurs. Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 18(2), 525-589. Jun, Y., 2010. The Impact of Entrepreneurial Personality Traits on Perception of New Venture Opportunity. New England Journal of Entrepreneurship, 13(2), 145-168. Colleen, C. M., 2015. Entrepreneurial Passion as Mediator of the Self-Efficacy to Persistence Relationship. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 39(5), 25-58. Beverly, B. K., 2014. Entrepreneurial Alertness in Opportunity Identification and Opportunity Development. Journal of Business and Entrepreneurship, 26(2), 12-52. Fotopulos, D., 2015. Accounting for the Numberphobic: A Survival Guide for Small Business Owners. New York: AMACOM.

Political Culture and Society in Argentina

Abstract Argentina is the second largest country in South America and is located in the southernmost part of the continent. Argentina faced intermittent political history in the 20th century. The country was under a series of civilian and military rule. This lack of stability infringed on the democratic space of the people.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Political Culture and Society in Argentina specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Despite of its enormous wealth, Argentina suffered a severe democratic breakdown in the late 2001.Since 2001 the social, political and economic conditions in Argentina have improved considerably. However, the country is still experiencing a number of challenges and these includes corruption in government departments, human rights violation, escalation of illegal drugs, immigration among others. The focus of this study is to explore the political culture and socialization, interest g roups and political parties, and governance and policy making in Argentina. Introduction Argentina is the second largest country in South America and is located in the southernmost part of the continent. In terms of the population, the country is ranked the third biggest with over 40 million inhabitants. Argentina borders Chile, Bolivia, Brazil, Uruguay and Atlantic Ocean (Acuna, 1995, p. 17). Argentina was considered among the worlds less democratic nations in the 70s and 80s. Despite of its enormous wealth, Argentina suffered a severe democratic breakdown in the late 2001. The country was dominated by abuse of power and wanton corruption in previous regime. However, Argentina has transformed substantially and has begun to follow the footsteps of the better institutionalized neighboring countries like Chile and Uruguay (Etchemendy, 2001, p. 3; Tedesco, 2002. P. 469). The first elected democratic president in Argentina was Raul Alfonsin in 1983, following the end of the military rul e. President resigned in the late 80s and Carlos Menem took over in 1989.Argentine democracy developed in different and seemingly incongruous manner in the 90s. The country’s first government after the amendment of the constitution was formed in 1994 led by President Carlos Menem. Menem’s government operated in a highly unilateral manner which was against the spirit of the constitution. For example, this government pushed for the expansion of the Supreme Court and stacked it with his allies against the will of the people. Even when the government acted within the law it failed to seek for consensus even for matters pertaining to the constitution (Smith, 1990, p.10-11; Helleiner, 2003, p. 687).Advertising Looking for assessment on political culture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Following the significant work by President O’Donnell to build democracy in Argentina, Argentina still experienced what is calle d democracy in turmoil in the 90s. A number of political pundits even raised concern that President was not willing to relinquish power. However, in terms of fundamental aspects of democracy, Argentina was still way ahead of most of its Latin American neighbors such Chile and Brazil. The government ability to conduct fair and democratic election was unquestionable, the government protected vital civil and political rights and unswerving protection of press freedom (Smith, 1990, p.12). Though there were a number of threats journalists experienced in Menem’s government. Argentina was considered the most strict, autonomous, and urbane state in Latin America. The democratic strides made in Argentina began to wear down in 2001 when popular revolutions began overthrowing popularly elected governments. The main aim of this study is to explore political culture and political socialization in Argentina. Study examines the role of the interest groups and political parties in the politi cal process. Last but the least, this paper also investigates governance and policy making in Argentina (Smith, 1990, p.12; Johnson, 2003, p. 88). Political Culture and Political Socialization in Argentina The link between democratic political culture and democratic regimes has dominated the current political literatures. The democratic values and beliefs in society are significant in supporting attitudes and behaviors that strengthens democratic institutions. Studies carried out in Spain and Germany confirmed the mere effort to replace non-democratic system of government with democratic institutions promotes change in people’s beliefs (Johnson, 2003, p. 96; Peruzzotti, 2001, p.155).. Political transition increases people’s social contact with the new regime by accepting the latest system as part of the transition process rather than the precondition of the process.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Political Culture and Society in Argentina s pecifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These are the basis for the population change of attitude in Argentina following political transitions. The transition to democracy in Argentina was characterized by dictatorial procedures and disbandment of political activities in general (Weyland, 2004, p. 136). President Raul Alfonsin, the first Argentine constitutional president, voiced his awareness on how cultural transformation facilitates and strengthen democratic structures. To safeguard the cultural bases of the political system, novel democratic structures should operate with context of cultural heritage complimenting democracy and the economic realities in the country (Tomassi, 2002, p. 20; Weyland, 2004, p. 136). Studies carried out in Argentina reveals a strong correlation between education level and democratic attitudes. The research studies correlates anti-libertarian attitude to social and economic conditions of the people in Argentina. According to these researches, peoples’ attitude also becomes more frequent with decline in socio-economic conditions. The level of formal education in many cases is correlated with socio-economic status and democratic attitudes. Therefore, the elite segment of the Argentine population is strongly in support of democratic values than non-elite who tend to be very conservative (Weyland, 2004, p. 140; Peruzzotti, 2001, p.156). Argentina displays a highly consensual pattern and sustainable dispositions regarding participative elements of democracy during, and even before the transition phase. These attitudes are deeply rooted in Argentine political culture since they have not evolved considerably, and have strong connection to different sectors of the society. On the contrary, political values associated with broadmindedness and pluralism received less support during the transition because of high degree of discontent in the population. However, this trend has improved signific antly, with least support coming from lowest and non-elite social class (Tedesco, 2002, p. 470; Johnson, 2003, p. 96). The upheaval experienced in Argentina in the recent past is attributed to historical political development. This country enjoyed over seventy years of stability that enhanced speedy economic development, and made Argentina one of the richest countries in the global scale. Argentina was ranked 7th globally in the 20s.Advertising Looking for assessment on political culture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Political stability was experienced despite of numerous military coups, twenty five presidents, over twenty years of military rule and thirteen years of Juan Peron rule (Pearson, 2003, p. 215). In 1943, Argentina under military rule dominated by a colonel by the name Juan Peron. Peron built a strong political base through the support of the labor movement. In 1946, Peron was elected as the president of Argentina through Argentina Labor Party which later became Peronist Party. During his reign, Peron awarded numerous benefits to the working class such increase in wages, fringe benefits, and the establishment of social security system. Peron also focused on rapid industrialization by setting up state-owned industries protected from trade barriers. Peron’s mobilization of the working class had a long term effect on the country’s political system for over forty years (Helleiner, 2003, p. 689). Even after Peron was ousted through a military coup, his ideology survived for a long time despite of the different regimes efforts to defeat it. After Peron was ousted, a sequence of military and civilian government ruled Argentina until 1973 when he was re-elected again. This time Peron did not last for more than a year. He died and is second wife Isabel took over the throne. Isabel’s regime was dominated with confusion, political violence and hyperinflation. This forced the military to take over again in 1976 and ruled up to 1983 (Pearson, 2003, p.216; Weyland, 2004, p. 137). In 1983, Argentina went back to the civilian democratic rule with Raul Alfonsin being elected as the president through Radical Civil Union party. President Alfonsin was recognized for restoring the democratic institutions but failed to stabilize the economy. This led total chaos, labor unrest and hyperinflation. Alfonsin resigned before his term ended and was succeeded by Carlos Menem of Justicialista Party (formerly Peronist Party). Menem succeeded to stabilize the economy throu gh privatization of state run industries and introduction of free market (Pearson, 2003, p.214). In 1991, Menem’s government pegged the Argentine currency to the US dollar, a monetary policy which helped to avert inflation, but later on became one of the main factors for the recent financial havoc in Argentina. Menem’s started to shine started when he broke with the Peronist protectionist policies favored by the working class and labor organizations. Even though, Menem attracted began to attract middle class votes, increase in corruption and high unemployment in his second term led to his defeat (Peruzzotti, 2001, p. 133-134; Tedesco, 2002. P. 470). Economic time bomb created by Menem’s government brewed trouble to the successive government in 2001. In 2001, President de la Rua government faced a deeply-rooted economic crisis. The crisis led to the decline of financial support from the donors and international financial institutions because the country could not produce balanced budget. Argentine citizens started withdrawing dollars from the banks in panic until the government set a limit of a thousand dollar per month. These austerity measures led to countrywide unrest and consequently a revolution which forced the incumbent to resign. Adolfo Rodriguez took over as an interim president for 90 days before the general election held but also resigned amid more violence and protest. Religion has considerable influence in Argentine politics while ethnicity has little impact on politics. Ethnic groups in Argentina are less diverse and therefore politics is not influenced by ethnicity. Churches are represented in politics by Democratic Christian federation. This party drives the agenda of the church and works to safeguard the interest of its members (Pearson, 2003, p. 215; Tedesco, 2002. P. 471). Interest Groups and Political Parties Activities of political parties in Argentina have been intermittent, given that some periods were under military rule and party activities were banned. Yet, parties were reformed in 80s and have been active since then. Conventionally, the alignment of political parties in Argentina is based on social and economic issues and to some extent religious lines. Religious leaders, conservative lower class and land owners have in several times formed alliances to protect the church and their status. Currently, the most active parties represent the working class, peasant farmers, and the elites (Helleiner, 2003, p. 235). In the 20th century, main parties were either governing parties or main opposition parties. These parties were devoted to intensifying Argentine politics to include the middle and lower class and to transform the socio-economic fabric of the country. The nucleus of these parties was the middle class but they also included the lower class and the upper class. Argentine politics is dominated by conservatives and socialists. The conservatives dominated the political arena in the early 20t h century when they were referred as the National Democrats. The conservatives were, mainly concerned with land issues in which they drew a lot of support (Persson Guido, 2000, p. 35). During the military rule the activity of these parties were limited because military rulers were against partisan politics. In the present, there are number of right wing parties, the largest of them all being Union of the Democratic Center. Even though left wing parties trace their roots from the early 20th century, these parties suffered a lot in the 70s and 80s when the military regime tried very hard to exterminate them. This included incarceration, and extermination of their leaders. Additionally, Peronism obstructed the ideology of these parties as well as their traditions (Pearson, 2003, p. 220). Peronism, which disregards political cataloging, is the most active ideology in Argentina today. Peronism subsided for nearly two decades following the military coups. Some of the Peronist political p arties include Popular Union Party, Populist Party, and Labor Party. Peronist parties have fielded candidates such as Juan Peron, Isabel Peron, and Carlos Menem among others. The most recent President under Peronist Party was Carlos Menem who won the election in 1995 under Justicialist Party with a landslide win (Pearson, 2003, p. 221). Argentina Political Parties have been very competitive in the past decade, with some parties forming a coalition to defeat the rivals. One distinguished exception can be traced back to early 80s when main political parties form a coalition to claim support of over 80 percent voters so as to dispose the military rule. These parties were Democratic Christian federation, the Movement for Integration and Development, FREJULI, the UCR, and the Intransigent Party (Weyland, 2004, p. 137). Country for Solidarity Party was formed in 1994. This party won the majority of the middle class voters by devoting its energy to fighting corruption in Menem’s gov ernment. Country for Solidarity Party defeated UCR for the second place in 1995 parliamentary elections. In 1999 UCR joined FRESPO to create a coalition to elect its candidate Fernando de la Rua. De la Rua won the election with 43 percent of the votes and succeeded Menem as the president of Argentina. This alliance only lasted for a short period of time when De la Rua resigned following civil unrest in Argentina in 2001(Johnson, 2003, p. 99; Weyland, 2004, p. 138). Despite of the Political and economic crisis in 2001, Peronista and Radical political parties in Argentina still goes strong. Peronista dominates the politics of Argentina today. Death of De la Rua marked the decline of Radical Party. During the 2003 election Peronist won by more than 50% of the votes while Radical Party only managed to garner 30% of the votes. The subsequent presidents in Argentina have come from the Peronista party, exhibiting the strength and domination of Peronists in Argentine politics (Johnson, 2003 , p. 100). Governance and Policy making in Argentina The first national constitution was promulgated in 1853. This constitution was then amended by Peron’s administration. This constitution was abolished in 1993 when the new constitution was approved. Currently, the federalist law of Argentina recognizes three branches of governance. These include the executive, Legislature/ Parliament, and the judiciary. The president and his/her vice are elected directly by the people. They are only allowed to hold the office for a maximum of 8 years; four years per term. The parliament has two chambers, house of the senate and the house of the deputies. Lastly, Judiciary is divided into Supreme Court and Lower Courts. The power of provincial administration is minimized by the central government’s ability to control country’s resources from the national level to the provincial level (Tomassi, 2002, p. 6). The legislature makes the law and acts as the voice of the people. The e xecutive that includes the president and the Cabinet implements the constitution. The judiciary interprets the law the law and enforces the law. Argentina is ruled through a presidential system of governance based on the federal structure. The country is divided into 24 provinces depicting the central system of governance. However, these provinces are granted some degree of independence and are in charge of the collection of taxes, security, justice, health and education (Tomassi, 2002, p. 6). Studies show that the level of public confidence in the public administration and judiciary is still wanting. Lack of properly operating judicial system is blamed for most of the institutional and social rot in Argentina over the recent past. The general public in Argentina is very doubtful on the ability of the police to enforce the law. This is because of the increase in crime over the last decades and wanton corruption in the judiciary. The greatest concern is police brutality and corruptio n. There are a number of reported cases of extrajudicial killings by the police and therefore people are not willing to grant police more power to fight the crime. Escalation in insecurity is attributed to high rate of unemployment, socio-economic and government corruption. The current regime is working very hard to reform all the sector branches of the government and sectors of the economy which lacks public support and confidence especially the police (Etchemendy, 2001, p.20). The legislature just passed a law that is aimed at restructuring the police force and streamlining its operations. The country’s president has also been on the forefront in the quest to reform the judiciary and to restore its long lost glory. However, the greatest challenge for the current regime is the restoration of stability in the economy. They are moving in the right direction but the present global economic crisis is slowing down the progress of their economic plans and strategies. The rate of u nemployment and poverty is still high in the country and requires urgent intervention. Other problems include escalation of illegal drugs and immigration (Etchemendy, 2001, p.22). Conclusion Argentina’s politics has been alternating within civilian and military rule. Military interventions were as a result of socio-economic unrest or coups. Military rules tried very hard to frustrate democracy. This was evident in their efforts to ban political parties and incarcerate political leaders. During the military rule the activity of some of these parties were limited because military rulers were against partisan politics. However, despite of all these hurdles, political parties in Argentina remained strong and dominate the political arena today. Peronist ideology is still popular in Argentina and is the reason why Peronista Party has won majority of the political sits up to now. Argentina is ruled by the presidential system and most decision comes from the central government. The m ajor challenge of this system is the devolution of power and distribution of national resources. High level of corruption and lawlessness among the security officers is also rampant in the government. There are a number of reported cases of extrajudicial killings by the police and therefore people are not willing to grant police more power to fight the crime. Escalation in insecurity is attributed to high rate of unemployment, socio-economic challenges and government corruption. Nevertheless, the government is working very hard to bring necessary reforms in the political, social and economic domain. References Acuna, C. H. (1995). Politics and Economics in the Argentina of the Nineties’, in Smith, W. C. and Gamarra E. (Eds). Journal of Democracy, Markets and Structural Reform. Florida: North-South Center Press. 17-66 Etchemendy, S. (2001). Constructing Reform Coalitions: The Politics of Compensations in Argentina’s Economic Liberalization. Latin American Politics and S ociety 43(3), 1-36. Helleiner, E. (2003). Economic Liberalism and Its Critics: the Past as Prologue? Review of International Political Economy 10 (4), p. 685-696. Pearson, R. (2003). Argentina’s Barter Network: New Currency for New Times? Bulletin of Latin American Research 22 (2), 214-230. Peruzzotti, E. (2001). The Nature of the New Argentine Democracy. The Delegative Democracy Argument Revisited. Journal of Latin American Studies 33 (1), 133-155. Johnson, J. (2003). Conceptual Problems as Obstacles to Progress in Political Science: Four Decades of Political Culture Research, Journal of Theoretical Politics 15, (1), p. 87–115. Smith, W. C. (1990). Democracy, Distributional Conflicts, and Macroeconomic Policymaking in Argentina 1983-89. Journal of Inter-American Studies and World Affairs 32 (2), p. 1-42 Tedesco, L. (2002). Argentina’s Turmoil: The Politics of Informality and the Roots of Economic Meltdown, Cambridge Review of International Affairs 15 (3), p. 46 9-481. Tomassi, M. (2002). Federalism in Argentina and the Reforms of the 1990s. Working Paper 147, Center for Research on Economic Development and Policy Reform, Stanford University. Weyland, K. (2004). Neoliberalism and Democracy in Latin America: A Mixed Record, Latin American Politics Society 46 (1), p.135-157. Persson, T., Guido, T. (2000). Political Economics: Explaining Economic Policy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. This assessment on Political Culture and Society in Argentina was written and submitted by user Brandon Goff to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Term Paper on Health

Term Paper on Health During semester system of university and college education the term, term paper is very commonly used in daily interaction. In all academic specializations, it is valid including health education, medical sciences and nursing.   Term paper on health is written in different specialized educational backgrounds.   Writing term paper on health is often required by university professors from their students. Students who know health paper topics can easily gear towards writing their term paper on health. But those students who are unaware of any practical issues of term paper on health they prefer to get help write a term paper on health from some other sources. Some custom writing companies help write a term paper on health at big cost to the students. When searching for a term paper on health online one must search the company that has:   Ã‚  Ã‚   Good market standing and goodwill in writing term paper on health   Ã‚  Ã‚   Good number of qualified and experienced staff   Ã‚  Ã‚   Proper system of quality control and plagiarism detection   Ã‚  Ã‚   Online support to resolve any ongoing issues Other than these factors, a good writer will also need to know the structure of a good Term paper on health. Main parts of a good term paper on health may include the following layout:   Ã‚  Ã‚   Title relating to the health term paper   Ã‚  Ã‚   Introduction or abstract showing why this   term paper on health is written and what areas of health will it cover   Ã‚  Ã‚   Research methodology and details of research measures adopted by the researcher to prove his/her plans   Ã‚  Ã‚   Findings and their details collected by researcher during the conduct of his/her research to prepare a term paper on health   Ã‚  Ã‚   Research analysis, details, division of results and findings expression in different chapters/paragraphs   Ã‚  Ã‚   Conclusion of term paper on health will be the last of its contents If you are a busy student or a working student or you cannot write your term paper on health by your own, you can get advice and help from our custom term paper service to write your term papers on health and health care. We provide best custom writing services as we hire a great number of good and qualified writers. We have our own quality control system and we always look forward to new fronts for our improvement of our working and quality of our customized term papers. When you need to buy term paper on health, CustomWritings.com   is the best company to place order for your paper. CustomWritings.com is one of the few companies dealing in diverse custom term paper needs of international students since 2005. You can relax and enjoy your life just after placing an order with us. We will take care of your academic requirements and we will not let you down in any case, be sure of our commitment to quality and service.

Pleonasm Definition and Examples in English

Pleonasm Definition and Examples in English Pleonasm is the use of more words than are necessary to make a point. Pleonasm may serve as a rhetorical strategy to emphasize an idea or image. Used unintentionally, it may also be viewed as a stylistic fault. Etymology: From the Greek, excessive, abundant Examples and Observations: The most unkindest cut of all.(William Shakespeare, Julius Caesar)In the farmhouse I saw, with my own eyes, this sight: there was a man, of young age and graceful proportion, whose body had been torn limb from limb. The torso was here, an arm there, a leg there. . . .All this I saw with my own eyes, and it was the most fearsome sight I ever witnessed. (Michael Chrichton, Eaters of the Dead. Random House, 1976)These terrible things I have seen with my own eyes, and I have heard with my own ears, and touched with my own hands.(Isabel Allende, City of the Beasts. Rayo, 2002)As a rhetorical figure, [a pleonasm] gives an utterance an additional semantic dimension, as in Hamlets dictum about his father: He was a man, take him for all in all, I shall not look upon his like again (Shakespeare. Hamlet, I.2.186-187), where man contains the semantic markers ( human) and ( male) contained in father and he, but according to the context it has the specific meaning ideal man.(Heinrich F. Plett, Ple onasm, in Encyclopedia of Rhetoric. Oxford Univ. Press, 2001) pleonasm. Term in rhetoric for repetition or superfluous expression. Hence, in grammar, a category is sometimes said to be represented pleonastically if it is realized by more than one affix, word, etc.(P.H. Matthews, Oxford Concise Dictionary of Linguistics. Oxford Univ. Press, 1997)Ears pierced while you wait.I forgot my PIN number for the ATM machine.Many tautological (or tautologous) expressions occur in everyday usage. The tautology in some is immediately apparent: all well and good; to all intents and purposes; cool, calm, and collected . . .. In others, it is less obvious, because they contain archaic elements: by hook or by crook.(Tom McArthur, The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford Univ. Press, 1992)George Carlins Department of Pleonasms and RedundanciesI needed a new beginning, so I decided to pay a social visit to a personal friend with whom I share the same mutual objectives and who is one of the most unique individuals I have ever personally met. The end re sult was an un ­expected surprise. When I reiterated again to her the fact that I needed a fresh start, she said I was exactly right; and, as an added plus, she came up with a fi ­nal solution that was absolutely perfect.Based on her past experience, she felt we needed to join together in a com ­mon bond for a combined total of twenty-four hours a day, in order to find some new initiatives. What a novel innovation! And, as an extra bonus, she presented me with the free gift of a tuna fish. Right away I noticed an immedi ­ate positive improvement. And although my recovery is not totally complete, the sum total is I feel much better now knowing I am not uniquely alone.(George Carlin, Count the Superfluous Redundant Pleonastic Tautologies. When Will Jesus Bring the Pork Chops? Hyperion, 2004) Dougan uses many words where few would do, as if pleonasm were a way of wringing every possibility out of the material he has, and stretching sentences a form of spreading the word.(Paula Cocozza, review of How Dynamo Kiev Beat the Luftwaffe, in The Independent, March 2, 2001)Its dà ©j vu all over again.(attributed to Yogi Berra) See also: BattologyCommon RedundanciesGeorge Carlins Essential DrivelRedundancyRepetitionTautology

Ethnic Diversity at Workplace Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethnic Diversity at Workplace - Research Paper Example It has both negative and positive impact on organizational output. Globalization of businesses has made this an issue in higher extent in the organizations. Conflicts among the employees in terms of emotional attributes are the negative impact of ethnic diversity whereas access of diversified skills of workers is one of positive impacts of it (Knippenberg & Schippers, 2007, p.529). Historical overview of a research related to the ethnic diversity at workplace After conducting the research, it is discovered that diversity in employees was very important in ensuring that the business is successful. The most interesting thing in the interview relates to some of the regulations in the Buddhist society. Key learning from the study is that the implementation of ethnic diversity in the workplace ensures that the business uses all the resources available to reach new markets. Therefore, the aspect of diversity is unique and enhances productivity among the employees. Rationale of choosing the ethnic diversity at workplace Ethnic diversity is one major characteristics of workplace. ... Effect of ethnic diversity in group activity is in high extent because people from different region or even different countries work together in group assignments or projects (Bar, Niessen & Ruenzi, 2007, p.2). Therefore, all belongs to different ethnicity and their culture, behavior, attitude and the way they work are different. Conflicts in the group activity rise from the ethnic diversity among the employees (Karsten, 2006, p.224). Though the organizations get access to diversified skills and competencies of ethnic diversified expertise but conflicts among the workers in their way of working, sometimes affect not only overall performance of a group but also overall organizational performance and growth. Many organizations are not able to find out this impact of ethnic diversity and their strategic decisions do not consider this issue (Jesus, Hughes, Johnston & Jooh, 2006, p.7). Therefore, this study has high extent of rationality and motivation behind the study is to evaluate the impact of ethnic diversity in Ministry of Air Defense in Saudi Arabia. Supporting Research There have been many researches on this major issue of business done by empirical researchers. Individual or group of researchers and human resource analysts have been studied on several multinational and domestic companies to find out the extent of positive and negative impact of ethnic diversity on performance of workforce. One supporting research of this study is leadership, employment and direction survey done by a group of researcher and leaded by Miriam Bell. Objective of this research was to evaluate the benefit of ethnic diversity in Australian workforce (Bell, 2012, p.1). Findings from relevant empirical studies There are

Developing Cultural Flexibility Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Developing Cultural Flexibility - Essay Example On the other hand, the United Nations Educational Scientific and Social Organization (UNESCO) defined culture as the collection of distinguishing religious, physical, intellectual, and emotional attributes of a society or social group, and incorporate, with the addition of aspects of the arts and social sciences, traditions and beliefs (Dilworth & Maital, 2008, 30). With these in mind, national identity is the core for culture. National identity is needed for the culture of a certain civilization to exist and be further enriched by generations and generations. Culture is a treasure of a civilization which is unique and cannot be altered by advancements of other aspects in the lives of people. Culture is a national symbol. Therefore, culture is one of the symbols that bind these people. It is what the people internalise and is being taken care of to be protected and not be altered or colonized by other cultures for these is what makes this alliance of people unique and special (Johanson & Wiedersheim-Paul, 1975; Hakala, 2008). National identity is significant as a source of culture in people as it is a symbol of the nation which makes the culture unique and special. With what is happening worldwide, people are fighting for the preservation of their cultures. They are fighting for it to be conserved and still be passed on to the future generations. It is not just a battle for their culture to withstand the modernization but it is also a battle to ensure that the culture will still be experienced and not just a mere figment of a person’s imagination (Johanson & Wiedersheim-Paul, 1975; Hakala, 2008). In this modern era, there are only several remaining cultures that have preserved their traditions despite of the modernization going left and right. That is one sad fact of the present generation that they have embraced another culture for another. They have let go of their national identity as

Physico-Chemical Qualities Essay Example for Free

Physico-Chemical Qualities Essay a) Describe the physico-chemical qualities of water that are important to aquaculturists. Aquaculture can be defined as the high-density production of fish, shellfish and plant forms in a controlled environment. Stocking rates for high-density aquaculture are typically thousand fold greater than wild environments. Modern fish culturists employ both open and close systems to raise fish. Open systems, such as, the raceways are characterized by rapid turnover of water. Closed systems are commonplace in pond culture. Closed aquaculture systems do not have rapid turnover of water, but do not have a high surface to volume ratio facilitating exchange of gases, nutrients, energy etc. with the surroundings. Water quality for aquaculturists refers to the quality of water that enables successful propagation of the desired organisms. Physico-chemical parameters of water include: 1. Alkalinity Alkalinity relates to the capacity of the water to accept protons and is a measure of the water’s buffering capacity. There are no direct effects of alkalinity on fish and shellfish, however, it is an important parameter due to its indirect effects, including the protection of aquatic organisms from major changes in pH. In low alkalinity waters, where CO2 and dissolved carbonates are at low concentrations, photosynthesis may be inhibited, thus restricting phytoplankton growth. Levels above 175 mg CaCO3/L reduces natural food production in ponds which, in turn, leads to a decrease in optimal production. Salt water is slightly alkaline and has a strong buffering capacity so alkalinity is not usually of concern for most seawater and brackish water aquaculturists. 2. Biochemical oxygen demand ( and COD) It is a measure of the amount of oxygen required by bacteria, algae, sediments and chemicals over a set period of time. BOD is of importance in aquaculture because microbial degradation of organic matter is a major sink for dissolved oxygen, a highly important parameter for aquaculture. Aquaculture operations should not utilise waters which are polluted with chemicals and/or excessive nutrients. Increasing levels of BOD indicate organic pollution which is a cause of concern for aquaculturists. The amount of BOD needed for a particular system can be estimated by taking into  account factors such as dissolved. Oxygen requirements of the culture species, the degree of pond aeration, seasonal temperature fluctuations, expected photosynthetic activity, and oxygen solubility. 3. Carbon dioxide Their presence is important for the buffering capacity of the water. The level of carbon dioxide in the water is related to photosynthetic activity of aquatic plants and respiration of these plants and aquatic animals, as well as bio-oxidation of organic compounds. Dissolved carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid, causing a drop in pH. At equilibrium, freshwater contains about 2.0 mg/L CO2 and seldom rises above 20 to 30 mg/L. High concentrations of carbon dioxide have a narcotic effect on fish and even higher concentrations may cause death; however, such concentrations seldom occur in nature. The direct adverse effects can occur when there is an excess of free CO2, especially in waters low in dissolved oxygen. This latter situation can occur when too much free CO2 is utilized for photosynthesis of phytoplankton, or when water is vigorously aerated with CO2 free air. Free CO2 concentrations below 1 mg/L affect the acid-base balance in fish blood and tissues and cause alkalosis. Most aqua culture species will survive in waters containing up to 60 mg/L carbon dioxide provided that dissolved oxygen concentrations are high. 4. Color and appearance of water These are not highly objective measurements but many fish farmers and crustacean farmers attach a lot of significance to these two properties of pond water. Color is a result of the interaction of incident light and impurities in the water .There are three common causes of water coloration and variations in water appearance: * suspension of silt and clay particles * significant growth of plankton, particularly microalgae * suspension of humic acids and other organic acids The ‘color’ of the water, actually refers to turbidity due to significant silt and clay particle accumulation, or growth of phytoplankton and zooplankton. This type of water coloration may be beneficial in tank and  cage culture as it shades fish and prevents sunburn as well as reducing plant biofouling. It is reported that impending oxygen shortages in the water can often be detected by changes in colour. Although high colour may shade fish and impede algal growth, it is usually due to tannins. These are phenols which bind with protein and at high levels may affect fish respiration, particularly with sensitive fish species. 5. Dissolved oxygen Dissolved oxygen is the most critical water quality variable in aquaculture. Anoxia occurs when dissolved oxygen levels in the environment decrease to the point where aquatic life can no longer be supported. Some species are more resistant to low levels of oxygen than others. It was noted that the amount of oxygen required by aquatic animals is quite variable and depends on species, size, activity (levels increase with activity), water temperature (doubles with every increase of 10 °C), condition (lean fish consume less than fat fish), DO concentration, etc. The DO concentration can fluctuate in response to photosynthesis of aquatic plants and respiration of aquatic organisms. The amount of DO required also depends on partial pressure of dissolved oxygen in the water and its ability to exchange across gill membranes. DO level in water should be above 5mg/L In ponds, tanks and other enclosed culture systems, mechanical aeration can be used to lift dissolved oxygen levels, while wate r movement from currents and tides assists in open culture systems. Pure oxygen (oxygenation) may be used to supplement dissolved oxygen levels, particularly in intensive culture systems. The most common cause of low DO in an aquaculture operation is a high concentration of biodegradable organic matter in the water, resulting in a high BOD. This problem is further exacerbated at high temperatures. 6. Gas super saturation (total gas pressure) Super saturation of dissolved gas occurs when the pressure of the dissolved gas (total gas pressure; TGP) exceeds the atmospheric pressure. TGP refers to the sum of the partial pressures of dissolved gases in the water (i.e. oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide). | Oxygen supersaturation| Nitrogen supersaturation| Carbon dioxide supersaturation| Definition| Total gas pressure is not above saturation level.| Total gas pressure is above saturation level| Condition of higher levels of dissolved gases in water due to entrainment, pressure increases, or heating.| Mechanism| Oxygen displaces nitrogen in liquid| | diffusion| Reason why| Pure oxygen is used to oxygenate| -Situation develops when water and air is mixed under pressure.-Situation develops when water is heated| When there is high phytoplankton activity though respiration at night.| Results| up to 200–300% can be tolerated if oxygen is used directly or duringphotosynthesis (when air is used, nitrogen becomes the main component and problems can occur). It can cause massive distension of the swim bladder of salmonids, although the mortality is usually low. | gas bubble trauma which may cause acute or chronic problems,especially in eggs, larvae and juveniles.| levels above 20 ppm can lead to stress. mortalitymay not occur, even at levels of 30-40 ppm , High carbon dioxide levels in fish transport systems (where ventilation is absent) can inhibitoxygen uptake.| 7. Hardness Total hardness primarily measures the concentration of all metal cations (usually dominated by calcium and magnesium in freshwater) in the water. Soft water is usually acidic while hard water is generally alkaline. In soft waters, carbonate and bicarbonate salts are in short supply. Hard water has been found to reduce the toxicity of several heavy metals (calcium and magnesium) as well as ammonia and the hydrogen ion. Some aquacultural species have a specific requirement for calcium, for bone formation in fish and exoskeleton formation in crustaceans. Calcium is also necessary for proper osmoregulation, and the calcium ion generally reduces the toxicity of hydrogen ions, ammonia and metal ions. High calcium levels in freshwater can inhibit phytoplankton growth; however, blue-green algae are known to thrive in harder water (high Ca2+) which can influence productivity of the pond water. Meade (1989) recommended a range between 10 and 400 mg/L for aquaculture. 8. pH The term pH refers to the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration in water; more  generally, pH refers to how acidic or basic water is. In aquaculture, low pH is often a consequence of sulfuric acid formation by the oxidation of sulphide-containing sediments. Note that acidification of highly alkaline water can increase the free carbon dioxide concentration, resulting in CO2 toxicity rather than pH imbalance. In addition, acid water tends to dissolve metals more readily. High pH in aquaculture is commonly a result of excess photosynthesis in waters with high alkalinity and low calcium hardness. pH can indirectly affect aquaculture species through its effect on other chemical parameters. Low pH; * reduces the amount of dissolved inorganic phosphorus and CO2 available for phytoplankton photosynthesis. * results in the solubilisation of potentially toxic metals from the sediments Hugh pH makes the toxic form of ammonia more prevalent. Meade (1989) recommended that pH be maintained at between 6.5 and 8.0 for all aquaculture species. In freshwater, pH can change quickly due to the amount of carbon dioxide added or removed during plant growth. In culture systems, particularly recirculation systems, the pH may be reduced (more acidic) by the production of metabolites. Buffering is, therefore, important in such systems. Seawater, in general, resists changes in the pH values. NOTE: pH can change by the hour as a function of photosynthesis which removes carbon dioxide. This is particularly the case in pond-based culture systems. 9. Salinity (total dissolved solids) Salinity is the main measure used in aquaculture, as it influences the water and salt balance (osmoregulation) of aquatic animals. Estuarine waters may range from 0.5 to more than 30 ppt often depending on the depth of the sample; marine waters range between 30.0 to 40.0 ppt. Salinity directly affects the levels of dissolved oxygen: the higher the salinity, the lower the dissolved oxygen levels at given water temperature. Like temperature, salinity is an important limiting factor in the distribution of many aquatic animals. Salinity requirements can vary for particular species depending on  their life cycle stage. Salinity also affects the temperature requirements of some species. Freshwater organisms have body fluids more concentrated in ions than the surrounding water, meaning that they are hypersaline or hypertonic to the environment. These animals tend to accumulate water which they must excrete while retaining ions. Saltwater species have body fluids more dilute in ions than t he surrounding water; they are hyposaline or hypotonic to their environment. They must excrete ions and uptake water continually. Salinity tolerance varies significantly between species and some species have wider tolerances than others. 10. Suspended solids and turbidity There are three basic types of suspended solids: ï€ ­Ã¯â‚¬  phytoplankton, zooplankton and bacterial blooms ï€ ­Ã¯â‚¬  suspended organic and humic acids ï€ ­Ã¯â‚¬  suspension of silt and clay particles All influence the level of turbidity (turbidity increases with suspended solids) and scatter light, restricting penetration into water. In aquaculture ponds, less light penetrating to the bottom inhibits growth of troublesome filamentous algae and aquatic weeds. This turbidity is often measured in centimetres using a secchi disc. Typically, if the secchi disk reading is below 10 cm water turbidity is excessive. If turbidity is due to the presence of phytoplankton, there is likely to be a problem with dissolved oxygen concentrations when the light level decreases below the photosynthetic compensation level. Conversely, if turbidity is due to silt/clay or organic matter, planktonic productivity will be low. Suspended solids can cause gill irritations and tissue damage, which increases the stress levels of aquatic animals. Turbid waters can also shield food organisms and clog filters. The practice of mechanical aeration tends to create water currents which maintain soil particles in suspension and perpetuates the turbidity of the pond. Problems of off-flavors in fish and crayfish are less common in turbid ponds. (except where algae cause the turbidity). The effect of this criteria varies considerably between species. Meade (1989) recommended a level below 80 mg/L for aquaculture species. Marine species (e.g. snapper) are generally less tolerant, so the recommended guideline is

Periodic Self-Assessment Essay -- Psychology

As an aspiring clinical health psychologist, I realize increasingly the value of self-analysis. Conducting periodic self-assessment is a healthy activity as I evaluate my current state and where I want to be. Clinical health psychologists expend emotional and physical energy as they help others. Sometimes the daily strain of the job and stress that accompany the job can exhaust the clinical health psychologist both mentally and physically. Professionals cannot provide for clients if their own needs are not being met. Counselors of all theoretical orientations identify their own engagement in personal therapy with another professional as one of the most critical components to maintain their own professional balance and effectiveness (Orlinsky, Schofield, Schroder, & Kazantzis, 2011). The personal dispositions and behaviors that affect my mental and physical health are obvious. First, I have a tendency to be task oriented. This is a great quality when I am working on a doctorate, but is not always good for relaxing and enjoying time with my family. Second, my mind never seems to turn off. Sometimes, I become very engaged with difficult clients as I attempt to help them work through their difficulties and solve their problems. While my level of engagement is not inappropriate and I do not feel as though I have to fix the client, the level of expended emotional energy may not be appropriate outside of a session. Both of these personal attributes can create stress in my professional and private life. Additionally, my husband and I have six children. The oldest has mental health issues and although she lives alone, there are daily phone calls and regular emergency room visits when the medication levels are unbalanced. My youngest i... ... discuss my policy with them. To me, the questions I ask when considering any kinds of self-disclosure are (1) does this help my client, (2) can this harm my client, and (3) what are the negative repercussions that could come from disclosure? Because self-disclosure is rarely beneficial to a client, the answer to these three questions is usually â€Å"no.† References Orlinsky, D. E., Schofield, M. J., Schroder, T., & Kazantzis, N. (2011). Utilization of personal therapy by psychotherapists: a practice-friendly review and a new study. Journal Of Clinical Psychology, 67(8), 828-842. doi:10.1002/jclp.20821 Taylor, L., McMinn, M. R., Bufford, R. K., & Chang, K. T. (2010). Psychologists’ attitudes and ethical concerns regarding the use of social networking web sites. Professional Psychology: Research And Practice, 41(2), 153-159. doi:10.1037/a0017996

Constitution Paper Essay

The weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation were pointed out by the Constitution. The Articles of Confederation were tweaked in May 1786. This introduced a set of fresh regulations for the central government. Thedeclaration of Independence was approved by the Congress on July 4, 1776. The Constitution paid attention to the irregularities in the Declaration of Independence and replaced all direct mentions of slavery. The Great Compromise drew an end to the disagreements among the states and set congressional representation upon population on an equal basis. The Bill of Rights was introduced by James Madison to the first United States Congress on August 21 1789 and was used by the House of Representatives. John Dickinson proposed an outline to the Articles of Confederation in 1776. The first establishment of a formal government in the colonies was introduced in this. The Articles of Confederation was accepted by thirteen states on March 1 1781. The document of unification introduce d a semblance of control to the central government. The Articles of Confederation helped address a feeble government system and pointed out a number of failures. Nonetheless The Articles of Confederation offered very little success as a government tool. The U.S. Constitution was put in writing in 1787. The new U.S. Constitution attempted to address the unsuccessful failures of the Articles of Confederation. For example, the Congress had no authority to charge taxes on the states. The system relied on donations from the states. The notion of federal taxation was opposed by the states. This caused an overpowering rise in currency because Congress did not have proper funding.Another defect of Congress was that it failed be in command of the foreign commerce. As a result, merchants and consumers had to pay high prices. Though Congress did possess the power to pass regulations and laws they were not allowed The thirteen American colonies of Great Britain revolted and declared independence for good reason. The actions of the British governm ent the king deprived Americans of numerous rights that were guaranteed to all other British citizens. In fact, many of these rights were guaranteed as early as 1215 since the American colonists were British citizens they had good reason to expect those rights to be recognized. They werent and in 1776 the American colonies declared independence and became the United States of America. When Americans wrote the Constitution and the Bill of Rights, they made sure to fix the problems.  These are some of the ways they fix the problems The king exercised absolute power. The power of British kings had been limited since 1215 almost 400 years before the first American colony was settled. The US Constitution divides power among three branches of government, and there are checks and balances to make sure that no single branch gets too powerful. Colonials were taxed without their consent. British citizens were represented in Parliament American colonists were not represented in Parliament, even though they were British citizens The US Constitution gives Congress the power to tax US citizens, and US citizens are represented in Congress by representatives they elect. July 16, 1987 began with a light breeze a cloudless sky and a spirit of celebration. On that day two hundred senators and representatives boarded a special train for a journey to Philadelphia to celebrate a sing ular congressional anniversary. Exactly two hundred years earlier the framers of the U.S. Constitution, meeting at Independence Hall, had reached a supremely important agreement. Their so called Great Compromise Connecticut Compromise in honor of its architects Connecticut delegates Roger Sherman and Oliver Ellsworth provided a dual system of congressional representation. In the House of Representatives each state would be assigned a number of seats in proportion to its population. In the Senate all states would have the same number of seats. Today we take this arrangement for granted in the wilting hot summer of 1787 it was a new idea. In the weeks before July 16 1787 the framers had made several important decisions about the Senates structure. They turned aside a proposal to have the House of Representatives elect senators from lists submitted by the individual state legislatures and agreed that those legislatures should elect their own senators. By July 16 the convention had already set the minimum age for senators at thirty and the term length at six years as opposed to twenty-five for House members with two year terms. James Madison explained that these distinctions based on the nature of the senatorial trust, which requires greater extent of information and stability of character would allow the Senate to proceed with more coolness with more system and with more wisdom than the popular electedbranch The issue of representation however threatened to destroy the seven week old convention. Delegates from the large states believed that because their states contributed proportionally more to the nations financial and defensive  resources they should enjoy proportionally greater representation in the Senate as well as in the House. Small-state delegates demanded, with comparable intensity, that all states be equally represented in both houses. When Sherman proposed the compromise, Benjamin Franklin agreed that each state should have an equal vote in the Senate in all mattersexcept those involving money. Over the Fourth of July holiday delegates worked out a compromise plan that sidetracked Franklins proposal. On July 16 the convention adopted the Great Compromise by a heart stopping margin of one vote. As the 1987 celebrants duly noted without that vote there would likely have been no Constitution. I think the bill of rights would be the perfect discussion what is the bill of rights The original Constitution as proposed in 1787 in Philadelphia and as ratified by the sta tes, contained very few individual rights guarantees as the framers were primarily focused on establishing the machinery for an effective federal government. A proposal by delegate Charles Pinckney to include several rights guarantees including liberty of the press and a ban on quartering soldiers in private homes was submitted to the Committee on Detail on August 20 1787 but the Committee did not adopt any of Pinckney recommendations. The matter came up before the Convention on September 12 1787 and following a brief debate proposals to include a Bill or Rights in the Constitution were rejected. As adopted, the Constitution included only a few specific rights guarantees protection against states impairing the obligation of contracts provisions that prohibit both the federal and state governments from enforcingex post facto lawslaws that allow punishment for an action that was not criminal at the time it was undertaken and provisions barringbills of attainderlegislative determinations of guilt and punishment Art. I Sections 9 and 10. The framers and notably James Madison its principal architect believed that the Constitution protected lib erty primarily through its division of powers that made it difficult for an oppressive majorities to form and capture power to be used against minorities. Delegates also probably feared that a debate over liberty guarantees might prolong or even threaten the fiercely-debated compromises that had been made over the long hot summer of 1787. In the ratification debate Ant Federalists opposed to the Constitution complained that the new system threatened liberties and suggested that if the delegates had truly cared about protecting individual rights they would have included  provisions that accomplished that. With ratification in serious doubt Federalists announced a willingness to take up the matter of series of amendments to be called the Bill of Rights soon after ratification and the First Congress comes into session. The concession wasundoubtedlynecessary to secure the Constitutions hard fought ratification. Thomas Jefferson, who did not attend the Constitutional Convention,in a December 1787 letter to Madisoncalled the omission of a Bill of Rights a major mistake A bill of rights is what the people are entitled to against every government on earth. James Madison was skeptical of the value of a listing of rights, calling it a parchment barrier. Madisons preference at the Convention to safeguard liberties was by giving Congress an unlimited veto over state laws and creating a joint executive judicial council of revision that could veto federal laws. Despite his skepticism, by the fall of 1788 Madison believed that a declaration of rights should be added to the Constitution. Its value, in Madisons view, was in part educational, in part as a vehicle that might be used to rally people against a future oppressive government and finally in an argumentborrowed from Thomas Jefferson Madison argued that a declaration of rights would help install the judiciary as guardian ofindividual rights against the other branches.

Explain how Dickens conveys setting, character and atmosphere in the opening chapter of ‘Great Expectations’

In the opening chapter of ‘Great Expectations' Dickens draws upon a wealth of literary devices which range from the carefully selected word to a rather grand style of writing in long, complex sentences. He focuses these literary devices on conveying setting, character and atmosphere which enable the reader to have a entertaining, fictional experience. Immediately, in the first line the reader realises who the main character is and begins to build a picture of him. The reader is conscious of an older narrator looking back on his childhood when the following line announces: â€Å"I called myself Pip, and came to be called Pip.† As the first chapter is all about â€Å"Pip† it is appropriate that readers should be able to envisage the main character who will transport them to a Victorian childhood. In the second paragraph the reader deduces that Pip is very imaginative as from the â€Å"shape of the letters† on his father's gravestones he has formed an image of a â€Å"square, stout, dark man with curly black hair.† It's important that the reader understands at this early stage that Pip's imagination has such a hold over him as later on in the chapter. It explains why Pip obeys the convict and is so frightened of him. The young boy is in thrall to his child-like imagination. The setting of the novel is closely associated with the main character as is revealed by the line: â€Å"ours was the marsh country†. The word â€Å"ours† is not simply a pronoun; it gives the reader the impression that he has always lived there like the generations. The word suggests he feels, even as an adult looking back on his childhood, somewhat proprietorial about the marshes. In short, the marshes were his homeland or heartland. The memory of that day at the marshes is described as â€Å"vivid and broad.† These words give the reader the impression that what happened was something unforgettable that stood apart from all of Pip's other memories in the way that vivid colours stand out and you remember them better. The word â€Å"broad† signifies a lot of things happened in the short space of time. Dickens goes on to describe the day as â€Å"raw† which initially seems to contradict the word â€Å"vivid† however it reinforces the idea that the day was memorable. The word is an interesting choice as it is often associated with cold and unpleasant experiences as opposed to â€Å"vivid† which makes one think of reds and oranges which are warm and cosy. . The area around Pip is a â€Å"bleak place overgrown with nettles†. Dickens' words seem to be chosen deliberately. â€Å"Bleak† is important as all the next paragraph is going to be about how desolate this area is and how Pip is alone where as the word â€Å"nettles† makes the reader think of being stung. When you're stung by a nettle you remember it because it hurts like Pip remembers this day. Throughout the opening chapter Dickens uses noun phrases to describe â€Å"scattered cattle†, â€Å"broken shoes† and â€Å"high tombstones† These enhance his description of place and in the â€Å"wilderness† of the marshes, the reader builds up a picture of there being nothing else there which makes it appear a very lonely setting where one may have to fight to survive. In effect the description of the setting foreshadows the fight for survival the prisoner will have, mentally and physically. Furthermore, the single word â€Å"wilderness† also has another connotation i.e. the marshes reflect Pip's inner feelings. Pip is â€Å"dark† inside as he has no happiness. He's a working boy whose parents and brothers have died which makes him â€Å"flat† as he has no highs or lows The setting and atmosphere link incredibly closely with one and another and without Dickens excellent description of the setting the reader would be unable to build such an atmosphere which engages their mind and senses building up fear and suspense. The reader understands Pip is alone however being alone can be very beautiful, peaceful and relaxing but the reader creates the scared atmosphere after Dickens adds the adverbial phrases and noun phrases like â€Å"place overgrown with nettles†, â€Å"dark, flat wilderness†, â€Å"low leaden line†, â€Å"distant savage lair†, and â€Å"wind was rushing†. All of these are dark, frightening phrases which don't describe any beauty. The description of the sea as a â€Å"distant savage lair† is also a very good description of what the marshes are to the convict. A â€Å"lair† is somewhere an animal often â€Å"savage† lives and the convict is living in the marshes and he is like an animal as he's uneducated and eats â€Å"ravenously† as well as having a â€Å"savage† mind and temperament for he makes threats involving blood (â€Å"savage† and blood are closely linked) and is physical unkind turning Pip upside down. The key thing about a â€Å"lair† is the fact it conceals the animal and the convict is much concealed as prior to him just appearing Pip is unaware anyone else is there; this links with â€Å"distant† as at that point any threat to Pip is very â€Å"distance† in his mind as he is believing that he's alone. The convict â€Å"started up from among the graves† is how his entrance is described but the words â€Å"started up† mirror and foreshadow how something else is starting up and that is Pip's change in fortune. â€Å"Started up† is also different and unusual in this context as it would normally be used for a car or a mechanical thing not a person. The difference between people and mechanical things are people have feelings and at this point in the story the convict is being portrayed as a cold man who doesn't seem to have feelings or concern for anything just gets on with life. Before the reader develops a sense of sympathy for the convict, his mannerisms make a reader afraid of him and understand why Pip as a small boy would have followed his orders. He never talks without issuing commands. His first spoken word is usually an imperative verb which gives the reader the impression the convict will not tolerate disobedience. The sentence, â€Å"Hold your noise!† hints at the convict's concern not to be discovered. He is a â€Å"fearful man† and a long descriptions of the convict follows in which Dickens uses a string of adverbial phrases to emphasise the dreaded physical condition of the convict who had been â€Å"†¦soaked in water, and smothered in mud, and lamed by stones, and cut by flints, and stung by nettles †¦Ã¢â‚¬  In this way, a picture of sustained suffering is created that arouses the sympathy of the reader. Pip is under the sole control of the convict and has no room to negotiate with a man who is â€Å"so sudden and strong†. He has to do what the convict says for fear of the verbal threats becoming true and these are forced more on him by the convict's unkind physical treatment including turning Pip â€Å"upside down†. This re-enforces the frightening atmosphere to the reader as reading between the lines they see Pip has no way of escaping. When Pip speaks he does so in Standard English e.g. â€Å"My sister †¦ wife of Joe Gargery, the blacksmith.† In contrast the convict uses slang â€Å"pint† and â€Å"mind to't† and sometimes then he doesn't pronounce words right – he says â€Å"wittles† instead of â€Å"victuals†. Dickens endears Pip in the way to a middle-class audience. Dickens use repetition several times but changes it slightly each time he uses it. Sometimes he just repeats the exact same sentence â€Å"He tilted me again†¦He tilted me again†¦He tilted me again.† This reinforces the point he is making of the convict having control over Pip and builds the reader's feelings even higher creating more of a frightening atmosphere. At other times his repetition is slightly changed by singular words, this links the second part back to the first and the reader is able to build a stronger link between the two. A good example of this is â€Å"partly, to keep myself upon it; partly, to keep myself from crying.† here the reader sees how both bits are about the same issue, Pip holding onto the tombstone, and receives a better description of why he's doing it but by the repetition the link between them is strengthened. The final description of the setting refers to â€Å"horizontal lines† of â€Å"red† and â€Å"black†. Using â€Å"lines† is a really good description as â€Å"lines† are very insignificant to many people just like this area is insignificant so no-one hardly comes but without lines nothing would be in the world or happen. As lines form the foundations of letters which allow communication, lines are seen everywhere like on roads and things are built with lines – classroom desk edges are straight lines; and without Pip being a little line figure â€Å"intermixed† with all these other lines he wouldn't of met the convict, who therefore couldn't of been his benefactor which means Pip wouldn't of formed the foundations for his journey in becoming a gentleman. The first line description of a â€Å"long black horizontal line† is very significant in the fact it's very plain and simple and that reflects how the marshes were now, they were just simply plain marshes again. However it also reflects how Pip felt and how his life was just one â€Å"long line† that so far had never changed. Furthermore it also singles a slight change in the atmosphere although there is still the â€Å"frightening† threat of the â€Å"young boy† all the high drama has stopped so the reader can take a step back and is able to think about what just happened. Dickens uses similes in his writing to add extra description and allow the reader to imagine better. The use of a simile is very useful for describing the â€Å"beacon† as many readers may not have known what Dickens was talking about especially if they lived in the city but by saying it was â€Å"like an unhooped cask upon a pole† they are fully able to visualise what it is. So as well as telling a great story Dickens is also introducing his readers to new words. In addition Dickens talks about the convict â€Å"as if he were the pirate come to life,† by using a metaphor he's adding yet a different literary tool. In fact using the tool of a metaphor is very good as they create an image the reader can relate to and remember easily. But Dickens didn't just use any metaphors he carefully selected them using key words such as â€Å"pirate† which relates back to what he's talking about – the gibbet. â€Å"Pirates† are also scary and people that threaten others to get what they want just as the convict is a â€Å"fearful† person and has threatened Pip to get food. â€Å"But, now I was frightened again, and ran home without stopping.† is a fabulous final line which makes the reader hungry for more. This sentence sums up the entire chapter well as it relates back to Pip previously being frightened when it says â€Å"frightened again† however it leaves you very much on a cliff-hanger wanting to know if Pip gets home safely and if he returns with food for the convict. This was one of Dickens preferred styles as he wrote in episodes but now when they are all put together it forms something excellent as you read stories within a story. In general, Dickens' style of writing in incredibly long sentences helps set the atmosphere of there being something more to this story than meets the eye, this allows the reader's mind to work overtime and read between the lines. Sentences like â€Å"A man who had been soaked in water †¦ as he seized me by the chin.† and â€Å"On the edge of the river †¦ which had once held a pirate.† also helps build a clearer picture in the readers mind. All the sub-clauses in the sentences as well give Dickens plenty of time to describe every fraction of detail about the setting or a characters appearance which if you can give the text your full attention without any distractions transport you very easily into this world therefore you don't watch it like a movie but live it like a life. Sub-clauses in long sentences such as â€Å"soaked in water, and smothered in mud, and lamed by stones.† are dramatised by the use of commas before the word and. You would not think, especially not in today's modern world, that there should be a comma before the word and however Dicken's deliberately chose to do this. As by having the commas the reader has to slow down when reading the long sentences which gives them chance to digest what they have just read and it sinks into their head more. But in addition it also holds the reader in suspense, only for a couple of seconds, but in that time they build up an urge to read on. In conclusion, the opening chapter sets up the book as an incredibly worthwhile read which seems to semi-autobiographical and concerned with making a commentary on life, childhood and the class system of Victorian England. In order to express his views through a best-selling novel he combined a range of elements including romance, mystery, crime, comedy and sentiment. It's paramount for the reader to deduce and infer these from the description of the setting, characters and atmosphere allowing them to get the most out of this magnificent book. The opening chapter is a curtain-raiser for the rest of the novel in which Dickens takes the reader back in time to experience a Victorian childhood.

Personal wealth

Pg. 22 (1) Personal wealth relates to ethics in that wealthier people have more clout and have a much greater voice in things than someone who is just an average blue-collar person. People with wealth have the funds and resources that poor people do not. A prime example is reflected on how we live. Poor societies have poorer living conditions and live in run down polluted areas. Have you ever seen a wealthy family living in the projects? Pg 24-25 (2) Industries pollute the environment by cutting corners in production quality or waste disposal to minimize profit loss. The cheaper it is to produce an item, the greater the possible profit. It is cheaper to dump wastes in the river than to install a water treatment facility. The industry doesnt view this as unethical or immoral, they just see it as another factor that determines profitability. Pg 25-26 (3) Normal economic forces would work against pollution control because corporate decisions were based on short-term profitability rather than long-term benefit to society. This is starting to change thanks to such organizations such as CERES and other environmental groups. Pg 26-27 (4) Yes, it is unreasonable to expect a completely unpolluted environment. There is no sense to preserve the environment if the objective produces a national economic collapse. There needs to be a balance between industry and environment. Pg 27 (5) The dominant societal attitude towards resource use has been use resources more sparingly. Americans would not mind paying higher taxes for programs used to control acid rain and toxic waste dumping. Pg 22 (6) Development is the gradual unfolding, fuller working out; growth; evolution (of animal and plant races); well-grown state; stage of advancement. Preservation means to preserve from injury or destruction; a state of being or ill preserved, protected from harm. The conservation ethic recognizes the desirability of dece

Key Facts About the Battle of Gonzales

Key Facts About the Battle of Gonzales On October 2, 1835, rebellious Texans and Mexican soldiers clashed in the small town of Gonzales. This small skirmish would have much larger consequences, as it is considered to be the first battle of Texas War of Independence from Mexico. For this reason, the fight at Gonzales is sometimes called the Lexington of Texas, referring to the place which saw the first fighting of the American Revolutionary War. The battle resulted in one dead Mexican soldier but no other casualties. Prelude to Battle By late 1835 tensions between Anglo Texans - called Texians - and Mexican officials in Texas. The Texians were becoming more and more rebellious, defying rules, smuggling goods into and out of the region and generally disrespecting Mexican authority every chance they could. Thus, Mexican President Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna had given the order that the Texians be disarmed. Santa Annas brother-in-law, General Martà ­n Perfecto de Cos, was in Texas seeing that the order was carried out. The Cannon of Gonzales Some years previously, the people of the small town of Gonzales had requested a cannon for use in defense against Indian raids, and one had been provided for them. In September 1835, following orders from Cos, Colonel Domingo Ugartechea sent a handful of soldiers to Gonzales to retrieve the cannon. Tensions were high in the town, as a Mexican soldier had recently beaten up a citizen of Gonzales. The people of Gonzales angrily refused to return the cannon and even arrested the soldiers sent to retrieve it. Mexican Reinforcements Ugartechea then sent a force of some 100 dragoons (light cavalry) under the command of Lieutenant Francisco de Castaà ±eda to retrieve the cannon. A small Texian militia met them at the river near Gonzales and told them that the mayor (with whom Castaà ±eda wished to speak) was unavailable. The Mexicans were not allowed to pass into Gonzales. Castaà ±eda decided to wait and set up camp. A couple of days later, when told that armed Texian volunteers were flooding into Gonzales, Castaà ±eda moved his camp and continued to wait. The Battle of Gonzales The Texians were spoiling for a fight. By the end of September, there were some 140 armed rebels ready for action in Gonzales. They elected John Moore to lead them, awarding him the rank of Colonel. The Texians crossed the river and attacked the Mexican camp on the misty morning of October 2, 1835. The Texians even used the cannon in question during their attack, and flew a makeshift flag reading â€Å"Come and Take it.† Castaà ±eda hastily called for a cease-fire and asked Moore why they had attacked him. Moore replied that they were fighting for the cannon and the Mexican constitution of 1824, which had guaranteed rights for Texas but had since been replaced. The Aftermath of the Battle of Gonzales Castaà ±eda did not want a fight: he was under orders to avoid one if possible and may have sympathized with the Texans in terms of states rights. He retreated to San Antonio, having lost one man killed in action. The Texan rebels did not lose anyone, the worst injury being a broken nose suffered when a man fell off a horse. It was a short, insignificant battle, but it soon bloomed into something much more important. The blood spilled that October morning marked a point of no return for the rebellious Texians. Their victory in Gonzales meant that disgruntled frontiersmen and settlers all over Texas formed into active militias and took up arms against Mexico. Within a couple of weeks, all of Texas was up in arms and Stephen F. Austin had been named commander of all Texan forces. For the Mexicans, it was an insult to their national honor, a brazen challenge by rebellious citizens which needed to be put down immediately and decisively. As for the cannon, its fate is uncertain. Some say it was buried along a road not long after the battle. A cannon discovered in 1936 may be it and it is currently on display in Gonzales. It also may have gone to the Alamo, where it would have seen action in the legendary battle there: the Mexicans melted down some of the cannons they captured after the battle. The Battle of Gonzales is considered the first true battle of the Texas Revolution, which would continue through the legendary Battle of the Alamo and not be decided until the Battle of San Jacinto. Today, the battle is celebrated in the town of Gonzales, where there is an annual re-enactment and there are historical markers to show the various important locations of the battle. Sources Brands, H.W. Lone Star Nation: The Epic Story of the Battle for Texas Brands, H.W. Lone Star Nation: The Epic Story of the Battle for Texas Independence. Paperback, Reprint edition, Anchor, February 8, 2005. Henderson, Timothy J. A Glorious Defeat: Mexico and its War with the United States. 1st Edition, Hill and Wang, May 13, 2008.