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E Commerce An Effective And Efficient Way Of...

Electronic commerce, commonly known as e-commerce or eCommerce, is a type of industry where the buying and selling of products or services is conducted over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer networks. Modern electronic commerce typically uses the World Wide Web at least at one point in the transaction s life-cycle, although it may encompass a wider range of technologies such as e-mail, mobile devices, social media, and telephones as well. Electronic commerce is generally considered to be the sales aspect of e-business. It also consists of the exchange of data to facilitate the financing and payment aspects of business transactions. This is an effective and efficient way of communicating within an organization and one of the most effective and useful ways of conducting business. SEVEN FEATURES OF E-COMMERCE . Ubiquity In traditional commerce, a marketplace is a physical place you visit in order to transact. For example, television and radio typically motivate the consumer to go some- place to make a purchase. E-commerce, in contrast, is characterized by its ubiquity: it is available just about everywhere, at all times. It liberates the market from being restricted to a physical space and makes it possible to shop from your desktop, at home, at work, or even from your car, using mobile commerce. The result is called a market- space—a marketplace extended beyond traditional boundaries and removed from a temporal and geographic location. From aShow MoreRelatedSample Persuasive Message1116 Words   |  5 PagesMargarette Chavez Sample Persuasive Message E-tailing, short for electronic retailing is the sale of retail merchandise over the internet. There are many factors that beckon different behaviors in e-tailing ( Searchcio.com, 2011 ). It is the new wave of the world today. As technology steers our habits toward electronic commerce, it affects different behavioral aspects for both e-tailers and their customers. E-commerce, short for electronic commerce, is the buying and selling of goods and servicesRead MoreSocial Media Tools in E-Commerce2025 Words   |  9 PagesSocial Media Tools in E-Commerce COMM/470 As with any organization the key to success are many. It’s a matter of determining which keys fit the door of success and focus of the organization. Technology is continuously expanding therefore producing more advanced tools to better organize, communicate effectively and provide efficiently the highest quality of work output by employees. Taking on the task of assisting with the launch of a new e-commerce unit, it is important to recognize thatRead MoreIssues and Opportunities for Classic Airlines2364 Words   |  9 Pagesof retaining a customer is much lower that the cost of acquiring one.The rapid transformations within the commercial airline industry have seen Classic Airline (CA) experience several challenges in its quest of delivering increased customer value within a leaner consumer budget. The work of Plunkett Research Online indicates that travel industry expenditures are continuously decreasing while e-commerce is quickly resulting in job cuts. In this regard, Clas sic Airlines is to employ this reality asRead MoreMarketing and Internet5330 Words   |  22 Pages1-2, 1-3) What is E-Marketing? E-Marketing is the use of information technology in the processes of creating, communicating, and delivering value to customers, and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization and its stakeholders. How Does E-Marketing Relate to E-Business? E-business is the continuous optimization of a firm’s business activities through digital technology (allows the storage and transmission of data in digital formats.) E-business involves attractingRead MoreEssay E-Commerce and Vladimir Zwass2877 Words   |  12 PagesE-Commerce E-Commerce is a shortened word which means Electronic-Commerce. Vladimir Zwass (2001) defines E-Commerce as the process of carrying out business transactions by the use of telecommunication networks. It involves sharing business information and maintaining business relationships. E- Commerce started as early as 1948 during the Berlin airlift in the form of electronic transmissions (Seideman, 1996). E-Commerce later developed into electronic data interchange (EDI) and in the 1960s, industriesRead MoreAir Asia Operational Information Management in Strategy and Operations2785 Words   |  12 Pageswhich aims to identify its potential future market segments. The study also explore on how current information systems strategy adopted by the Air Asia, in which could help the company to strengthen its position as a leading low cost airline and effective new market segment help their mission practically. Therefore, this consulting study would provide a microscopic analysis on the impact of current electronic marketing strategy development process as desired in the following sections. The first partRead MoreThe Success For A Small Business1516 Words   |  7 Pages It is the road map that good managers follow and communicate within the organization. Conducting daily business practices, supervising employees, organizing and managing business structures, and communicating with departments are a few of the tasks that manager perform. Managers implement the goals their business will pursue and determine the course of action it will take to achieve these goals (Jones George 8). Many organizations begin a business before aligning a course of action or leader.Read MoreSocial Media in E-Commerce2686 Words   |  11 PagesSocial Media Tools in E-Commerce Last week the team created a presentation to describe how new communication technology could help the team-oriented projects of an e-commerce company succeed in a more effective and efficient manner. Now that the presentation is complete and was a success, the executives would like us to launch an e-commerce unit. The team will discuss how the new social media tools may be used to distribute messages to consumers and clients and explain which tools are the bestRead MoreThe Effects of the Internet on Channel Strategy2757 Words   |  12 Pagesare exchanged. Whereas marketing â€Å"is a social process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and value with others,† the marketing channel is a the actual exchange relationships within marketing. Today, marketing channels are not so much a distribution process as a relationship orientation. (Pelton, Strutton, Lumpkin, 2007) According to our text, marketing channels are created because of a need for the marketplace to be betterRead MoreThe Information Systems Requirements and Subsequent Evaluation of the Impact These Systems Will Have on the Business ‘Ready to Eat,9110 Words   |  37 Pages Managers and business owners are expected to make decisions which have a positive effect on the future of the business; this report describes how Information systems have directly influenced decision making and how if information systems to be effective need to integrate forecasting the future and offer alternative scenarios of the outcomes of decision. The report also offers the hypothesis of Porters Competitive Forces model and advocates that this model is the foundation to understanding the

Entrepreneurial Alertness in Opportunity Identification

Question: Discuss about the Entrepreneurial Alertness in Opportunity Identification. Answer: Introduction: Although there is no universally accepted definition of an entrepreneur, Hapiro (2016) suggests that an entrepreneur as an individual who initiates a business enterprise, by accepting various risks and challenges associated with entrepreneurship with the aim of making profit. A person who identify an opportunity in a particular area, recognises the needs and wants of the customers and establishes a business enterprise to satisfy the identified needs and wants is known as entrepreneur. Entrepreneurs are known to be people who take financial risks with the aim of making profit. They tend to be good at identifying new opportunities and coming up with better ways of operating their businesses in order to satisfy their customers. For example, they are good in identifying new possibilities and noticing unmet market needs. The high pro-risk-taking attitude which they possess make them more likely to exploit the possible opportunities they spot. According to Yavuz (2014), an entrepreneur can be in control of commercial activities, directing various factors like production of goods and services, human resources, financial flows and material resources. In addition to initiating a business, entrepreneurs play the role of a manager and oversees various factors which favour the growth their businesses. Most of the entrepreneurs are good in time management and this makes it possible for them to balance family life and business activities. According to Valdez (2011), the term entrepreneur refers to the qualities of initiative, team-building, leadership and innovation in new venture design. Unlike small business owners, entrepreneurs are focused to growth of their business and always seek to use technology innovation to establish a change for the sake of maximizing profit. Some key features which characterize Entrepreneurs comprise of being resourceful, self-motivated, willing to take risks, and having vision and flair. Small business is defined as an enterprise that employs less than 20 members of staff (Williams, 2015). Although sometimes the word entrepreneur and small business owner are used interchangeably, they refer to two different things. One of the factor which brings the difference between the two is the level of their self-efficacy. Comparing the two, entrepreneurs have strong belief of their capabilities as compared to small business owners. Entrepreneurs have goals and enjoys seeing their businesses at a different level after sometime while small business owners enjoy the existence of their businesses more than their growth. Entrepreneurs exhibit dynamic forces when planning and launching of new business enterprises. They handle various issues in their businesses like for example product design, establishing most efficient production methods, undertaking marketing activities among others (Rose, 2011). On the other hand, small-business owner is a person who owns a business enterprise but may not be involved in running the business. Comparing the two, small business owners plays few roles in running a business as compared to an entrepreneur. Entrepreneurs and business owners differ in the manner in which they relate to their business. To start with, entrepreneurs take their businesses as assets, or something that need to be well managed so that it can enable them to realize better returns (Judith, 2015). On the other hand, small business owners happen to be more sentimental concerning their enterprises. An entrepreneur is an organizer and a person who takes risks, and utilizes available opportunities to make profit. They introduce new idea after the other, and use innovation to enhance customer satisfaction (Colleen, 2015). On the other hand, small business owners are individuals who organize the processes involved in running businesses and experience the challenges of running an operation-based business opportunity to make a profit. Small business owners are also referred as owner-operators because they mostly put much emphasis on sales than developing their businesses. According to Beverly (2014), entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE) refers to the ability of an individual to effectively accomplish the duties and responsibilities of an entrepreneur. He also claims that people slowly develop self-efficacy through social, cognitive and physical experiences. As a result of this, previous positive outcome of a particular task can impact the expectations of an individual and also assist in reinforcing his/her self-efficacy. As it has be utilized in entrepreneurial literature, ESE focuses on ones belief that he/she can take undertake entrepreneurial roles based on assessment of their functional, managerial, supervisory and technical skills (Fotopulos, 2015). In much of the entrepreneurial literature, scholars have been concentrating on explaining the competencies of entrepreneurs in terms that are closely related to the duties and responsibilities an effective manager. ESE can be used to differentiate small business owners from entrepreneurs because of several facts. Over the past years and even the recent time, self-efficacy has been commonly related to ones commitment to attain desired goals. Entrepreneurs and small business owners differ in the manner in which they commit their efforts to attain their goals. Entrepreneurs have strong desires for their businesses to remain successful and grow. This means they put more efforts, performing different roles in order to attain this. On the other hand, small business owners do not struggle too much because they feel fine as long as their business is in existence. According to Yavuz (2014), entrepreneurs plan for their businesses and focus on growth and always identify things that are likely to impact the success of their firms. This means they utilize ESE to identify all strengths and weaknesses which influence their ability to successfully run their businesses. On the other hand, small business owners do not put much emphasis on growth, they simply enjoy owning a business, meaning they rarely analyse personal traits that can influence the success of their businesses. Self-efficacy is known to have an extensive theoretical foundation and pragmatic support in predicting future performance of businesses (Judith, 2015). Based on the fact that entrepreneurs focus on growth than small business owners, it means ESE works better for entrepreneurs than small business owners. Entrepreneurial self-efficacy enables entrepreneurs to establish growth expectations for their businesses and come up with strategies of attaining their goals. Entrepreneurial self-efficacy is closely related to business/ individual performance in the fact that it assists one to find out if he/she has what it takes to successfully run a business (Judith, 2015). When making decisions on whether to utilize business opportunity or not, entrepreneurial self-efficacy assist individuals to identify their strengths and weaknesses so that they can make a decision that cannot make them to land into pitfalls. According to Hapiro (2016), entrepreneurial self-efficacy influence performance because it can be used by companies and individuals to determine areas of strengths and weaknesses so that they can assess the potential of an entrepreneur. The success of businesses depends on ones ability to perform the duties and responsibilities of an entrepreneur According to Yavuz (2014), entrepreneurial self-efficacy is a rational belief that requires systematic and constant efforts to be changed. In the field of entrepreneurship, different empirical studies have identified the existence of a positive relationship between the general measure of self-efficacy and performance (Jun, 2010). These studies have also suggested that entrepreneurial self-efficacy can be used by firms or individuals to identify the major reasons that make an individual or organization not to perform well. This means if well utilized, entrepreneurial self-efficacy can assist individuals and organizations to realize positive performance. According to Colleen (2015), entrepreneur self-efficacy can be used to identify the reasons that may make an entrepreneur to avoid utilizing a business opportunity. Many people avoid entrepreneurial activities or fail to utilize available opportunities not because they lack what it takes but because they believe they do (Yavuz, 2014). This mostly happens among women and other minority groups who are perceived to lack the skills and abilities required to undertake various activities in the society. In order to encourage entrepreneurship, the society should use entrepreneurial self-efficacy to identify sources of entrepreneurial avoidance and encourage women and other minority groups to initiate their businesses. According to Williams (2015), entrepreneurial self-efficacy can assist in minimizing chances of business failure because it helps in identifying if one can effectively perform the roles of an entrepreneur. Entrepreneurs have entrepreneurial self-efficacy because they hold strong beliefs that their abilities can assist them to accomplish various tasks required for the success of their businesses. Bibliography Hapiro, R. S., 2013. The Real Problem Solvers: Social Entrepreneurs in America. Stanford, CA: Stanford Business Books. Yavuz, R. I., 2014. The Outsider Entrepreneurs. El Paso, TX: LFB Scholarly. Valdez, Z., 2011. The New Entrepreneurs: How Race, Class, and Gender Shape American Enterprise. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Williams. T., 2015. Think Agile: How Smart Entrepreneurs Adapt in Order to Succeed. New York: American Management Association. Rose, T., 2011. Self-Efficacy and Effort in New Venture Development. Journal of Management and Organization, 17(1), 78-92. Judith, G. V., 2015. Female Entrepreneurs and Negotiation Self-Efficacy: A Study on Negotiation Skill Building among Women Entrepreneurs. Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 18(2), 525-589. Jun, Y., 2010. The Impact of Entrepreneurial Personality Traits on Perception of New Venture Opportunity. New England Journal of Entrepreneurship, 13(2), 145-168. Colleen, C. M., 2015. Entrepreneurial Passion as Mediator of the Self-Efficacy to Persistence Relationship. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 39(5), 25-58. Beverly, B. K., 2014. Entrepreneurial Alertness in Opportunity Identification and Opportunity Development. Journal of Business and Entrepreneurship, 26(2), 12-52. Fotopulos, D., 2015. Accounting for the Numberphobic: A Survival Guide for Small Business Owners. New York: AMACOM.

Political Culture and Society in Argentina

Abstract Argentina is the second largest country in South America and is located in the southernmost part of the continent. Argentina faced intermittent political history in the 20th century. The country was under a series of civilian and military rule. This lack of stability infringed on the democratic space of the people.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Political Culture and Society in Argentina specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Despite of its enormous wealth, Argentina suffered a severe democratic breakdown in the late 2001.Since 2001 the social, political and economic conditions in Argentina have improved considerably. However, the country is still experiencing a number of challenges and these includes corruption in government departments, human rights violation, escalation of illegal drugs, immigration among others. The focus of this study is to explore the political culture and socialization, interest g roups and political parties, and governance and policy making in Argentina. Introduction Argentina is the second largest country in South America and is located in the southernmost part of the continent. In terms of the population, the country is ranked the third biggest with over 40 million inhabitants. Argentina borders Chile, Bolivia, Brazil, Uruguay and Atlantic Ocean (Acuna, 1995, p. 17). Argentina was considered among the worlds less democratic nations in the 70s and 80s. Despite of its enormous wealth, Argentina suffered a severe democratic breakdown in the late 2001. The country was dominated by abuse of power and wanton corruption in previous regime. However, Argentina has transformed substantially and has begun to follow the footsteps of the better institutionalized neighboring countries like Chile and Uruguay (Etchemendy, 2001, p. 3; Tedesco, 2002. P. 469). The first elected democratic president in Argentina was Raul Alfonsin in 1983, following the end of the military rul e. President resigned in the late 80s and Carlos Menem took over in 1989.Argentine democracy developed in different and seemingly incongruous manner in the 90s. The country’s first government after the amendment of the constitution was formed in 1994 led by President Carlos Menem. Menem’s government operated in a highly unilateral manner which was against the spirit of the constitution. For example, this government pushed for the expansion of the Supreme Court and stacked it with his allies against the will of the people. Even when the government acted within the law it failed to seek for consensus even for matters pertaining to the constitution (Smith, 1990, p.10-11; Helleiner, 2003, p. 687).Advertising Looking for assessment on political culture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Following the significant work by President O’Donnell to build democracy in Argentina, Argentina still experienced what is calle d democracy in turmoil in the 90s. A number of political pundits even raised concern that President was not willing to relinquish power. However, in terms of fundamental aspects of democracy, Argentina was still way ahead of most of its Latin American neighbors such Chile and Brazil. The government ability to conduct fair and democratic election was unquestionable, the government protected vital civil and political rights and unswerving protection of press freedom (Smith, 1990, p.12). Though there were a number of threats journalists experienced in Menem’s government. Argentina was considered the most strict, autonomous, and urbane state in Latin America. The democratic strides made in Argentina began to wear down in 2001 when popular revolutions began overthrowing popularly elected governments. The main aim of this study is to explore political culture and political socialization in Argentina. Study examines the role of the interest groups and political parties in the politi cal process. Last but the least, this paper also investigates governance and policy making in Argentina (Smith, 1990, p.12; Johnson, 2003, p. 88). Political Culture and Political Socialization in Argentina The link between democratic political culture and democratic regimes has dominated the current political literatures. The democratic values and beliefs in society are significant in supporting attitudes and behaviors that strengthens democratic institutions. Studies carried out in Spain and Germany confirmed the mere effort to replace non-democratic system of government with democratic institutions promotes change in people’s beliefs (Johnson, 2003, p. 96; Peruzzotti, 2001, p.155).. Political transition increases people’s social contact with the new regime by accepting the latest system as part of the transition process rather than the precondition of the process.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Political Culture and Society in Argentina s pecifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These are the basis for the population change of attitude in Argentina following political transitions. The transition to democracy in Argentina was characterized by dictatorial procedures and disbandment of political activities in general (Weyland, 2004, p. 136). President Raul Alfonsin, the first Argentine constitutional president, voiced his awareness on how cultural transformation facilitates and strengthen democratic structures. To safeguard the cultural bases of the political system, novel democratic structures should operate with context of cultural heritage complimenting democracy and the economic realities in the country (Tomassi, 2002, p. 20; Weyland, 2004, p. 136). Studies carried out in Argentina reveals a strong correlation between education level and democratic attitudes. The research studies correlates anti-libertarian attitude to social and economic conditions of the people in Argentina. According to these researches, peoples’ attitude also becomes more frequent with decline in socio-economic conditions. The level of formal education in many cases is correlated with socio-economic status and democratic attitudes. Therefore, the elite segment of the Argentine population is strongly in support of democratic values than non-elite who tend to be very conservative (Weyland, 2004, p. 140; Peruzzotti, 2001, p.156). Argentina displays a highly consensual pattern and sustainable dispositions regarding participative elements of democracy during, and even before the transition phase. These attitudes are deeply rooted in Argentine political culture since they have not evolved considerably, and have strong connection to different sectors of the society. On the contrary, political values associated with broadmindedness and pluralism received less support during the transition because of high degree of discontent in the population. However, this trend has improved signific antly, with least support coming from lowest and non-elite social class (Tedesco, 2002, p. 470; Johnson, 2003, p. 96). The upheaval experienced in Argentina in the recent past is attributed to historical political development. This country enjoyed over seventy years of stability that enhanced speedy economic development, and made Argentina one of the richest countries in the global scale. Argentina was ranked 7th globally in the 20s.Advertising Looking for assessment on political culture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Political stability was experienced despite of numerous military coups, twenty five presidents, over twenty years of military rule and thirteen years of Juan Peron rule (Pearson, 2003, p. 215). In 1943, Argentina under military rule dominated by a colonel by the name Juan Peron. Peron built a strong political base through the support of the labor movement. In 1946, Peron was elected as the president of Argentina through Argentina Labor Party which later became Peronist Party. During his reign, Peron awarded numerous benefits to the working class such increase in wages, fringe benefits, and the establishment of social security system. Peron also focused on rapid industrialization by setting up state-owned industries protected from trade barriers. Peron’s mobilization of the working class had a long term effect on the country’s political system for over forty years (Helleiner, 2003, p. 689). Even after Peron was ousted through a military coup, his ideology survived for a long time despite of the different regimes efforts to defeat it. After Peron was ousted, a sequence of military and civilian government ruled Argentina until 1973 when he was re-elected again. This time Peron did not last for more than a year. He died and is second wife Isabel took over the throne. Isabel’s regime was dominated with confusion, political violence and hyperinflation. This forced the military to take over again in 1976 and ruled up to 1983 (Pearson, 2003, p.216; Weyland, 2004, p. 137). In 1983, Argentina went back to the civilian democratic rule with Raul Alfonsin being elected as the president through Radical Civil Union party. President Alfonsin was recognized for restoring the democratic institutions but failed to stabilize the economy. This led total chaos, labor unrest and hyperinflation. Alfonsin resigned before his term ended and was succeeded by Carlos Menem of Justicialista Party (formerly Peronist Party). Menem succeeded to stabilize the economy throu gh privatization of state run industries and introduction of free market (Pearson, 2003, p.214). In 1991, Menem’s government pegged the Argentine currency to the US dollar, a monetary policy which helped to avert inflation, but later on became one of the main factors for the recent financial havoc in Argentina. Menem’s started to shine started when he broke with the Peronist protectionist policies favored by the working class and labor organizations. Even though, Menem attracted began to attract middle class votes, increase in corruption and high unemployment in his second term led to his defeat (Peruzzotti, 2001, p. 133-134; Tedesco, 2002. P. 470). Economic time bomb created by Menem’s government brewed trouble to the successive government in 2001. In 2001, President de la Rua government faced a deeply-rooted economic crisis. The crisis led to the decline of financial support from the donors and international financial institutions because the country could not produce balanced budget. Argentine citizens started withdrawing dollars from the banks in panic until the government set a limit of a thousand dollar per month. These austerity measures led to countrywide unrest and consequently a revolution which forced the incumbent to resign. Adolfo Rodriguez took over as an interim president for 90 days before the general election held but also resigned amid more violence and protest. Religion has considerable influence in Argentine politics while ethnicity has little impact on politics. Ethnic groups in Argentina are less diverse and therefore politics is not influenced by ethnicity. Churches are represented in politics by Democratic Christian federation. This party drives the agenda of the church and works to safeguard the interest of its members (Pearson, 2003, p. 215; Tedesco, 2002. P. 471). Interest Groups and Political Parties Activities of political parties in Argentina have been intermittent, given that some periods were under military rule and party activities were banned. Yet, parties were reformed in 80s and have been active since then. Conventionally, the alignment of political parties in Argentina is based on social and economic issues and to some extent religious lines. Religious leaders, conservative lower class and land owners have in several times formed alliances to protect the church and their status. Currently, the most active parties represent the working class, peasant farmers, and the elites (Helleiner, 2003, p. 235). In the 20th century, main parties were either governing parties or main opposition parties. These parties were devoted to intensifying Argentine politics to include the middle and lower class and to transform the socio-economic fabric of the country. The nucleus of these parties was the middle class but they also included the lower class and the upper class. Argentine politics is dominated by conservatives and socialists. The conservatives dominated the political arena in the early 20t h century when they were referred as the National Democrats. The conservatives were, mainly concerned with land issues in which they drew a lot of support (Persson Guido, 2000, p. 35). During the military rule the activity of these parties were limited because military rulers were against partisan politics. In the present, there are number of right wing parties, the largest of them all being Union of the Democratic Center. Even though left wing parties trace their roots from the early 20th century, these parties suffered a lot in the 70s and 80s when the military regime tried very hard to exterminate them. This included incarceration, and extermination of their leaders. Additionally, Peronism obstructed the ideology of these parties as well as their traditions (Pearson, 2003, p. 220). Peronism, which disregards political cataloging, is the most active ideology in Argentina today. Peronism subsided for nearly two decades following the military coups. Some of the Peronist political p arties include Popular Union Party, Populist Party, and Labor Party. Peronist parties have fielded candidates such as Juan Peron, Isabel Peron, and Carlos Menem among others. The most recent President under Peronist Party was Carlos Menem who won the election in 1995 under Justicialist Party with a landslide win (Pearson, 2003, p. 221). Argentina Political Parties have been very competitive in the past decade, with some parties forming a coalition to defeat the rivals. One distinguished exception can be traced back to early 80s when main political parties form a coalition to claim support of over 80 percent voters so as to dispose the military rule. These parties were Democratic Christian federation, the Movement for Integration and Development, FREJULI, the UCR, and the Intransigent Party (Weyland, 2004, p. 137). Country for Solidarity Party was formed in 1994. This party won the majority of the middle class voters by devoting its energy to fighting corruption in Menem’s gov ernment. Country for Solidarity Party defeated UCR for the second place in 1995 parliamentary elections. In 1999 UCR joined FRESPO to create a coalition to elect its candidate Fernando de la Rua. De la Rua won the election with 43 percent of the votes and succeeded Menem as the president of Argentina. This alliance only lasted for a short period of time when De la Rua resigned following civil unrest in Argentina in 2001(Johnson, 2003, p. 99; Weyland, 2004, p. 138). Despite of the Political and economic crisis in 2001, Peronista and Radical political parties in Argentina still goes strong. Peronista dominates the politics of Argentina today. Death of De la Rua marked the decline of Radical Party. During the 2003 election Peronist won by more than 50% of the votes while Radical Party only managed to garner 30% of the votes. The subsequent presidents in Argentina have come from the Peronista party, exhibiting the strength and domination of Peronists in Argentine politics (Johnson, 2003 , p. 100). Governance and Policy making in Argentina The first national constitution was promulgated in 1853. This constitution was then amended by Peron’s administration. This constitution was abolished in 1993 when the new constitution was approved. Currently, the federalist law of Argentina recognizes three branches of governance. These include the executive, Legislature/ Parliament, and the judiciary. The president and his/her vice are elected directly by the people. They are only allowed to hold the office for a maximum of 8 years; four years per term. The parliament has two chambers, house of the senate and the house of the deputies. Lastly, Judiciary is divided into Supreme Court and Lower Courts. The power of provincial administration is minimized by the central government’s ability to control country’s resources from the national level to the provincial level (Tomassi, 2002, p. 6). The legislature makes the law and acts as the voice of the people. The e xecutive that includes the president and the Cabinet implements the constitution. The judiciary interprets the law the law and enforces the law. Argentina is ruled through a presidential system of governance based on the federal structure. The country is divided into 24 provinces depicting the central system of governance. However, these provinces are granted some degree of independence and are in charge of the collection of taxes, security, justice, health and education (Tomassi, 2002, p. 6). Studies show that the level of public confidence in the public administration and judiciary is still wanting. Lack of properly operating judicial system is blamed for most of the institutional and social rot in Argentina over the recent past. The general public in Argentina is very doubtful on the ability of the police to enforce the law. This is because of the increase in crime over the last decades and wanton corruption in the judiciary. The greatest concern is police brutality and corruptio n. There are a number of reported cases of extrajudicial killings by the police and therefore people are not willing to grant police more power to fight the crime. Escalation in insecurity is attributed to high rate of unemployment, socio-economic and government corruption. The current regime is working very hard to reform all the sector branches of the government and sectors of the economy which lacks public support and confidence especially the police (Etchemendy, 2001, p.20). The legislature just passed a law that is aimed at restructuring the police force and streamlining its operations. The country’s president has also been on the forefront in the quest to reform the judiciary and to restore its long lost glory. However, the greatest challenge for the current regime is the restoration of stability in the economy. They are moving in the right direction but the present global economic crisis is slowing down the progress of their economic plans and strategies. The rate of u nemployment and poverty is still high in the country and requires urgent intervention. Other problems include escalation of illegal drugs and immigration (Etchemendy, 2001, p.22). Conclusion Argentina’s politics has been alternating within civilian and military rule. Military interventions were as a result of socio-economic unrest or coups. Military rules tried very hard to frustrate democracy. This was evident in their efforts to ban political parties and incarcerate political leaders. During the military rule the activity of some of these parties were limited because military rulers were against partisan politics. However, despite of all these hurdles, political parties in Argentina remained strong and dominate the political arena today. Peronist ideology is still popular in Argentina and is the reason why Peronista Party has won majority of the political sits up to now. Argentina is ruled by the presidential system and most decision comes from the central government. The m ajor challenge of this system is the devolution of power and distribution of national resources. High level of corruption and lawlessness among the security officers is also rampant in the government. There are a number of reported cases of extrajudicial killings by the police and therefore people are not willing to grant police more power to fight the crime. Escalation in insecurity is attributed to high rate of unemployment, socio-economic challenges and government corruption. Nevertheless, the government is working very hard to bring necessary reforms in the political, social and economic domain. References Acuna, C. H. (1995). Politics and Economics in the Argentina of the Nineties’, in Smith, W. C. and Gamarra E. (Eds). Journal of Democracy, Markets and Structural Reform. Florida: North-South Center Press. 17-66 Etchemendy, S. (2001). Constructing Reform Coalitions: The Politics of Compensations in Argentina’s Economic Liberalization. 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Argentina’s Turmoil: The Politics of Informality and the Roots of Economic Meltdown, Cambridge Review of International Affairs 15 (3), p. 46 9-481. Tomassi, M. (2002). Federalism in Argentina and the Reforms of the 1990s. Working Paper 147, Center for Research on Economic Development and Policy Reform, Stanford University. Weyland, K. (2004). Neoliberalism and Democracy in Latin America: A Mixed Record, Latin American Politics Society 46 (1), p.135-157. Persson, T., Guido, T. (2000). Political Economics: Explaining Economic Policy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. This assessment on Political Culture and Society in Argentina was written and submitted by user Brandon Goff to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.